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Science > Science Focus 4.3 > Flashcards

Science Focus 4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood carries water, oxygen and the nutrients to cells around the body. It also removes carbon dioxide and waste material from those cells and maintains our body temperature.

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2
Q

How much blood does the average human body contain?

A

About 5.5 litres

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3
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

red and white blood cells, platelets and plasma.

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4
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

in bone marrow

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5
Q

Red blood cells have no nucleus, allowing them to carry more of a substance called what?

A

haemoglobin

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6
Q

Haemoglobin attracts and carries ______ and contains ____, which gives blood its red colour.

A

oxygen; iron

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7
Q

Blood containing oxygen is what colour?

A

Bright red. (Blood without oxygen is a much duller red (blue).)

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8
Q

Red blood cells last for about ___ days.

A

100

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9
Q

One drop of blood contains about how many red blood cells?

A

5 million

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10
Q

White blood cells are _____ than red blood cells, and have a ______.

A

bigger; nucleus

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11
Q

Our bodies have far fewer white blood cells that red ones. A drop of blood contains about ____ white cells.

A

3000

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12
Q

White blood cells help rid the body of harmful _______ and _______ by surrounding and destroying them, or by producing chemicals to kill them.

A

bacteria; viruses

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13
Q

Platelets have no nucleus, and help trigger formation of ______ strands, which help blood to ____.

A

fibrin; clot

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14
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Plasma is a clear, yellow liquid in which red and white cells and platelets are suspended.

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15
Q

Plasma is 90 per cent _____.

A

water (The rest is dissolved food, waste products and body chemicals called hormones.)

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16
Q

Blood Type. Blood contains, at most, two types of ______, known as ________ and ________.

A

antigen; antigen A; antigen B. (Antigens are special chemicals involved in fighting microorganisms in the blood.)

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17
Q

Type A blood contains ______, type B blood contains _______, type AB blood contains _____ and type O blood contains _____.

A

antigen A; antigen B; both; neither

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18
Q

What is the most common type of blood?

A

type O positive

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19
Q

Rhesus factor. Rhesus is another type of ______.

A

antigen

20
Q

Blood that contains the Rhesus antigen is classified as ___________. Blood without the Rhesus antigen is classified as ___________.

A

Rhesus positive (or Rh positive); Rhesus negative

21
Q

For a blood transfusion to be safe, the donor blood must not contain any _______ that are not already in the patient’s blood, otherwise blood cells may clump together and form deadly blockages.

A

antigens (The Rhesus factors must also match.)

22
Q

The human heart is really two pumps joined together that do separate jobs. One pump sends blood to the _____ to pick up oxygen. The other receives the oxygen-carrying blood and pumps it to the _____ and around the ____.

A

lungs; head; body

23
Q

Blood that is rich in oxygen is said to be _______, while blood that has had most of its oxygen removed is _______.

A

oxygenated; deoxygenated

24
Q

Each half of the heart, or each pump, has two main sections or chambers: the ______, where blood enters, and the ________, where blood is pumped out.

A

atrium; ventricle

25
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

arteries, capillaries and veins.

26
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart to the organs, such as the kidneys and liver, and to tissues, such as the skin and muscles.

A

Arteries

27
Q

The arteries divide and connect with smaller tubes which eventually connect with fine tubes called ________, which are only one cell thick.

A

capillaries

28
Q

Capillaries then join with wider tubes called _____, which allow blood to return to the heart, ready to be pumped to the lungs for another load of oxygen.

A

veins

29
Q

The heart, arteries, veins and capillaries all combine to form the ________ system,

A

circulatory

30
Q

Bruises are caused by blood leakage from ruptured (broken) _____ _______.

A

blood vessels

31
Q

What is hypertension

A

High blood pressure

32
Q

When blood pressure is measured, two readings are taken. One is taken when the heart contracts (called ______ blood pressure), the other when the heart relaxes (called ______ blood pressure).

A

systolic; diastolic (A typical pair of readings for adults is around ‘120 over 80’ (systolic = 120 and diastolic = 80))

33
Q

Name five things the circulatory system transports around the body.

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, chemicals and heat

34
Q

Which arteries branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle itself with blood?

A

Coronary arteries

35
Q

Coronary arteries can become narrow due to a build-up of fat and a chemical called ________ that is transported in the blood.

A

cholesterol

36
Q

If narrowing of the coronary arteries reduces blood flow enough, it may lead to a condition known as…

A

angina (insufficient supply of oxygen and glucose to the heart)

37
Q

When a coronary artery becomes blocked, the region of heart muscle it supplies dies. This is called a _____ ______.

A

heart attack

38
Q

A dangerously narrowed artery can be treated by various medical procedures. Name 1 of 4,

A

It can be widened by inflating a special balloon in the affected area.

39
Q

A dangerously narrowed artery can be treated by various medical procedures. Name 2 of 4,

A

A special titanium alloy sleeve (called a stent) can be inserted to keep the artery walls apart.

40
Q

A dangerously narrowed artery can be treated by various medical procedures. Name 3 of 4,

A

The blockage can be destroyed with a laser beam.

41
Q

A dangerously narrowed artery can be treated by various medical procedures. Name 4 of 4,

A

The blockage can be bypassed by connecting a section of vein (taken from the leg) to the artery, on each side of the blockage.

42
Q

A heart valve may become defective and not allow enough blood to flow when open, or allow blood to leak back the wrong way when shut, and may be heard by a doctor as a _____ ______.

A

heart murmur

43
Q

Faulty heart valves can be replaced by:

A

artificial valves or valves taken from a deceased human donor or a pig

44
Q

The heartbeat originates from special __________ cells at the top of the heart in the wall of the right atrium which produce electrical impulses that spread to the atria and ventricles.

A

pacemaker

45
Q

The electrical impulses can be shown as an ____________ on a special detector.

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

46
Q

An irregular heart beat may be treated by implanting an artificial _________,

A

pacemaker

Science (14 decks)

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