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Science > Bk2 Ch4.2 > Flashcards

Bk2 Ch4.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

<p>Digestion (definition)</p>

A

<p>Digestion is the process in which nutrients and energy are extracted from the food we eat.</p>

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2
Q

<p>Digestion occurs in a six to seven metre tube called the...</p>

A

<p> alimentary canal, digestive tract or sometimes simply the gut.</p>

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3
Q

<p>It takes food about \_\_ hours to pass through the entire length of the alimentary canal.</p>

A

<p>24</p>

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4
Q

<p>What are the two main types of digestion:</p>

A

<p>mechanical digestion & chemical digestion</p>

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5
Q

<p>Mechanical digestion occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_ when food is physically broken down or mashed into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>mouth; smaller pieces</p>

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6
Q

<p>Chemical digestion occurs at various stages along the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ when special chemicals called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ chemically break down food.</p>

A

<p>alimentary canal; enzymes</p>

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7
Q

<p>When we eat, our face muscles go to work, moving our jaws so that our \_\_\_\_\_ cut and grind food to make it easier to \_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>teeth; digest</p>

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8
Q

<p>At around the age of 18, we generally have all our \_\_ adult teeth, with \_\_ in each jaw.</p>

A

<p>32; 16</p>

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9
Q

<p>Tooth decay is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_, a thin film of food, saliva and bacteria that builds up on the teeth.</p>

A

<p>plaque</p>

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10
Q

<p>The bacteria in plaque transforms sugar into \_\_\_\_\_\_ that seeps into the enamel and cause weak spots.</p>

A

<p>acid</p>

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11
Q

<p>Regular \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with toothpaste after each meal drastically reduce the chances of tooth decay.</p>

A

<p>flossing; brushing</p>

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12
Q

<p>If allowed to spread, tooth decay may enter the \_\_\_\_\_ where the nerves are.</p>

A

<p>pulp</p>

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13
Q

<p>Scientific research has shown that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ helps prevent tooth decay by protecting the enamel and helping repair or rebuild the enamel.</p>

A

<p>fluoride</p>

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14
Q

<p>The digestive system consists of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ together with several attached \_\_\_\_\_\_ producing organs.</p>

A

<p>digestive tract; enzyme</p>

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15
Q

<p>The digestive system produces an amazing \_\_ litres of digestive juices per day.</p>

A

<p> 8</p>

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16
Q

<p>Digestion begins in the mouth. Food is ground into smaller particles by the teeth, mixed with \_\_\_\_\_\_ and made into a smooth lump called a \_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>saliva; bolus</p>

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17
Q

<p>Saliva contains water, mucus and the enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which begins breaking down the very large molecules of \_\_\_\_\_\_ into much smaller glucose molecules.</p>

A

<p>amylase; starch</p>

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18
Q

<p>The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or \_\_\_\_\_\_, is a 25 centimetre tube connecting the mouth to the stomach.</p>

A

<p>oesophagus; gullet</p>

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19
Q

<p>A bolus is moved down the oesophagus by wave-like contractions and expansions of muscles called...</p>

A

<p>peristalsis</p>

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20
Q

<p>The trachea (or windpipe) branches off the oesophagus and leads to the lungs. When food is swallowed, a flap called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ folds over to cover its entrance.</p>

A

<p>epiglottis</p>

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21
Q

<p>The stomach is a J-shaped organ that has a capacity of about \_\_\_ litres.</p>

A

<p>two</p>

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22
Q

<p>Muscles in the stomach churn food, helping it mix with \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>gastric juice</p>

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23
Q

<p>Gastric juice contains the enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_, which helps break down large \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ molecules and \_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>pepsin; protein; fats</p>

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24
Q

<p>Hydrochloric acid in the stomach helps the enzyme and kills harmful \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>bacteria</p>

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25
Q

<p>A \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ protects the stomach from the enzymes and acid (it stops the stomach from digesting itself!).</p>

A

<p>mucus lining</p>

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26
Q

<p>The entrance and exit of the stomach are controlled by rings of muscles called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>sphincters</p>

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27
Q

<p>A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at the top of the stomach ensures acid and other stomach contents do not rise into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>sphincter; oesophagus</p>

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28
Q

<p>A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at the bottom of the stomach protects the next part of the digestive tract from acid and allows some partly digested, semi-liquid food (called \_\_\_\_\_) to squirt out every minute or so</p>

A

<p>sphincter; chyme</p>

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29
Q

<p>The pancreas is not part of the alimentary canal, but rather a 15 centimetre multipurpose ‘side attachment’. It produces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>pancreatic juice</p>

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30
Q

<p>Pancreatic juice contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that help digest carbohydrates, fats and proteins.</p>

A

<p>enzymes</p>

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31
Q

<p>The pancreas produces a chemical called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that controls the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.</p>

A

<p>insulin</p>

32
Q

<p>\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a condition in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.</p>

A

<p>Diabetes</p>

33
Q

<p>Pancreatic juice contains an \_\_\_\_\_\_ (a liquid which neutralises the acidic stomach chyme).</p>

A

<p>alkali</p>

34
Q

<p>The gall bladder, a small muscular sac about eight centimetres long, stores \_\_\_\_ produced by the \_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>bile; liver</p>

35
Q

<p>How much bile can the gall bladder hold?</p>

A

<p>about 50 millilitres</p>

36
Q

<p>An entire chapter could be written about the liver, it is a living ‘chemical factory’ and is involved in over \_\_\_ chemical processes.</p>

A

<p>500</p>

37
Q

<p>At \_\_\_ kilograms, the liver is the largest internal organ.</p>

A

<p>1.5</p>

38
Q

<p>The liver consists of two parts or \_\_\_\_\_ and has an extensive blood supply, which gives it a rich \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ colour.</p>

A

<p>lobes; red-brown</p>

39
Q

<p>The functions of the liver include: the conversion of glucose (an end-product of digestion that can be used by body cells) into \_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>glycogen</p>

40
Q

<p>Glycogen can be stored in the liver and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and converted back into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when needed by the body.</p>

A

<p>muscles; glucose</p>

41
Q

<p>The functions of the liver include: the storage of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and minerals, including \_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>vitamins; iron</p>

42
Q

<p>The functions of the liver include: the production of a \_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ chemical.</p>

A

<p>blood-clotting</p>

43
Q

<p>The functions of the liver include: the break-down (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) of poisons such as alcohol.</p>

A

<p>detoxification</p>

44
Q

<p>The functions of the liver include: the production of \_\_\_\_, which helps break down fats.</p>

A

<p>bile</p>

45
Q

<p>The hundreds of jobs performed by the liver generate \_\_\_\_, which is transferred around the body by the blood.</p>

A

<p>heat</p>

46
Q

<p>The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is really the start of the small intestine.</p>

A

<p>duodenum</p>

47
Q

<p>About how long is the duodenum?</p>

A

<p>ten centimetres</p>

48
Q

<p>At the duodenum, two small tubes come together (one from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and one from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) to allow chemicals, such as bile, and enzymes to enter the small intestine.</p>

A

<p>pancreas; liver/gall bladder</p>

49
Q

<p>The \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the longest part of the digestive tract.</p>

A

<p>small intestine</p>

50
Q

<p>How long is the small intestine?</p>

A

<p>four to six metres</p>

51
Q

<p>Like the stomach, the small intestine contains muscles that \_\_\_\_ food, and produces \_\_\_\_\_\_ that continue the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.</p>

A

<p>churn; enzymes</p>

52
Q

<p>The digestive tract is called ‘small’ because of its narrow width of about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ centimetres.</p>

A

<p>three or four</p>

53
Q

<p>By the time it gets to the small intestine, food is broken down enough to be able to pass through the walls of the small intestine and into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>bloodstream</p>

54
Q

<p>The walls of the small intestine are lined with tiny bumps called \_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>villi</p>

55
Q

<p>The villi increase the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ of the walls, so more nutrients may pass through.</p>

A

<p>surface area</p>

56
Q

<p>The large intestine is about \_\_\_ metres long and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ centimetres wide,</p>

A

<p>1.5; six to seven</p>

57
Q

<p>The large intestine is made up of five parts:</p>

A

<p>the caecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anus.</p>

58
Q

<p>Undigested ‘waste’ material passes into the large intestine, where \_\_\_\_\_ and a few remaining \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are absorbed.</p>

A

<p>water; minerals</p>

59
Q

<p>In the large intestine, \_\_\_\_\_\_ (lumps of faeces) form, to be expelled later from the body via the \_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>stools; anus</p>

60
Q

<p>About one-third of faeces is made up from intestinal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>bacteria</p>

61
Q

<p>Bacteria in our intestines feed on undigested food, breaking it down to produce useful vitamins, as well as gases such as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (better known as rotten egg gas) and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>sulfur dioxide; methane</p>

62
Q

<p>Acid in the stomach produces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gas, which has no odour.</p>

A

<p>hydrogen</p>

63
Q

<p>Digestive gasses are released through the anus when we pass wind. Gas released this way is called \_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>flatus</p>

64
Q

<p>Gas in the intestinal tract is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>flatulence</p>

65
Q

<p>One of the main products of digestion is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>glucose</p>

66
Q

<p>Glucose reaches body cells via the bloodstream, where it provides \_\_\_\_\_\_ to cells.</p>

A

<p>energy</p>

67
Q

<p>The liver converts glucose to a substance called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is made of several glucose molecules joined together.</p>

A

<p>glycogen</p>

68
Q

<p>Glycogen is stored in the liver and in \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_, where it may be converted back to glucose when energy is needed for movement.</p>

A

<p>muscle cells</p>

69
Q

<p>Since the liver and muscles can store only so much glucose as glycogen, the excess is transported to various sites around the body, where it is stored as \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>body fat</p>

70
Q

<p>One way the body gets rid of unwanted bacteria in the digestive tract is to move matter through much more quickly. This is called:</p>

A

<p>Diarrhoea</p>

71
Q

<p>Sometimes certain foods or eating too quickly can result in excess acid being produced in the stomach. This acid may occasionally rise into the oesophagus, causing a burning sensation called:</p>

A

<p>Heartburn</p>

72
Q

<p>Infections, extreme pain or stress can result in reverse peristalsis - contractions which force food up and out of the stomach and mouth. This is called:</p>

A

<p>vomiting</p>

73
Q

<p>If the mucus lining of the stomach becomes damaged, a sore or ulcer may result. This is called:</p>

A

<p>Stomach ulcers</p>

74
Q

<p>Australian scientist Barry Marshall announced in 1983 that many stomach ulcers were caused by the bacterium \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, rather than stress as previously thought.</p>

A

<p>Helicobacter</p>

75
Q

<p>The appendix may become inflamed (eg due to a blockage or ulcers). This is called:</p>

A

<p>Appendicitis</p>

76
Q

<p>The liver may be damaged by excessive \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consumption or by diseases such as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.</p>

A

<p>alcohol; hepatitis</p>

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