Science Exam- Human Adaptations Flashcards
Define gas exchange
The function of the lungs involving the transfer of oxygen into the blood and the carbon dioxide from the blood into the exhaled air
Define breathing
The process of taking in air and expelling it from the lungs
Define respiration
The chemical process of taking oxygen in the blood and creating energy
What is ventilation
It is the movement of air
What is homeostasis
Means keeping things constant, it keeps your body the same and constant, it keeps a steady condition of our body
What is inhalation
The action of breathing in
The intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribcage up and outwards
The diaphragm contracts and flattens
The thorax expands in volume because pressure decreases so air can get into the lungs
What is exhalation
Breathing out
Muscles between the lungs relax so the ribcage moves down
The diaphragm relaxes
The thorax decreases in volume
The pressure inside the thorax increases to get all the air out of the lungs
What is aerobic respiration
The release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen. It is a chemical reaction that occurs inside structures called mitochondria in cells
The equation is: glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
Why release energy
To build up larger molecules and some smaller ones
To enable muscles to contract
To produce heat
To have active transport of materials across boundries
What is Anaerobic respiration
Is respiration without oxygen
It does not break down the glucose completely so much less energy is released than in aerobic respiration
Lactic acid is produced which is dangerous
After exercise you continue to pant to oxidise the lactic acid
The equation is: Glucose - lactic acid (+ a little energy)
What is diffusion
The passive movement of molecules along a concentration gradient from a region of high concentration to low concentration
Alveoli and the gas exchange
The walls of alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries and share a membrane with them
It allows oxygen to diffuse through the wall and enter the blood stream and then travel to the heart
Vice versa with Carbon dioxide
What is the oxygen clept
The amount of oxygen required
What are the functions of blood
To take oxygen from the lungs and get co2 to the lungs
To retrieve food and minerals from the small intestine to cells
To get hormones from body glands
To carry essential chemicals all over the body
To carry unnecessary waste from cells and dispose them
What are the 4 main components of blood
Red blood cells - 45% of our blood, carry out gas exchange and are produced in bone marrow
White blood cells- 1% of our blood, attack disease causing bacteria viruses fungi and parasites, they produce antibodies and eat harmful things, made in bone marrow
Platelets- one of the components needed for blood clotting
Plasma- yellow liquid making 55% of our blood. Mostly water, hormones, antibodies, and fibrinogen. Produced by liver
What is fibrinogen
Causes blood to clot so we dont bleed out
Heart structure
Vena cava brings d.o.b back to the heart
Right atrium collects d.o.b and squeezes it into right ventricle through tricuspid valve
Right ventricle pumps d.o.b into pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery takes d.o.b to the lungs
Pulmonary vein brings o.b from lungs to heart
Left atrium collects o.b from lungs and passes it to left ventricle via bicuspid valve
Whats the difference between fish and mammals
Fish have a single circulatory system and goes through the heart only once
Mammals have a double circulatory system and there are 2 currents of blood
What is pulmonary circulation
When deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood is pumped from the lungs to the heart
What is systematic circulation
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart around the body and returns to the heart deoxygenated because all the oxygen was supplied to muscle tissues around the body
What are Lymphocytes
A type of white blood cell that functions as apart of the immune system. They are able deal with foreign invaders of the body. Some of them work alone while others can coordinate with other cells
What are phagocytes
Another type of white blood cell which will engulf other cells either to destroy them, to feed on them or get information from them
What blood types are there
A, Ab, B, O
These blood types occur because of differences in the molecules on the surfaces of the cells called antigens
There are 2 types of antigens- A and B. If a WBC finds a RBC thats not coded it will see it as an intruder and start to form antibodies against it
O individuals do not have A or B antigens while AB have both
What is Rhesus factor
Another type of antigen
85% of people have Rh+ and the rest have Rh-
What are blood vessels
To carry out circulation blood flows through blood vessels
It is a tubular structure carrying through tissues and organs
What are the 3 types of blood vessels
Arteries Veins and Capillaries
They deliver nutrients to the cells, Carry away waste, and Help maintain waste
What do arteries do
Arteries carry blood from the heart to the cells
They have thick walls and are under high pressure
They are found deep in the skin
What do capillaries do
They are very small thin walled vessels
They allow for exchange of oxygen nutrients carbon dioxide and waste chemicals into other structures
What do veins do
Veins collect up the blood after it has been through the capillaries and carry it back to the heart
They are large thin walled vessels which carry low pressure deoxygenated blood
They can be seen near the surface of the body
