Science Exam- Human Adaptations

Question 0

Define gas exchange

Answer 0

The function of the lungs involving the transfer of oxygen into the blood and the carbon dioxide from the blood into the exhaled air

Question 1

Define breathing

Answer 1

The process of taking in air and expelling it from the lungs

Question 2

Define respiration

Answer 2

The chemical process of taking oxygen in the blood and creating energy

Question 3

What is ventilation

Answer 3

It is the movement of air

Question 4

What is homeostasis

Answer 4

Means keeping things constant, it keeps your body the same and constant, it keeps a steady condition of our body

Question 5

What is inhalation

Answer 5

The action of breathing in
The intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribcage up and outwards
The diaphragm contracts and flattens
The thorax expands in volume because pressure decreases so air can get into the lungs

Question 6

What is exhalation

Answer 6

Breathing out
Muscles between the lungs relax so the ribcage moves down
The diaphragm relaxes
The thorax decreases in volume
The pressure inside the thorax increases to get all the air out of the lungs

Question 7

What is aerobic respiration

Answer 7

The release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen. It is a chemical reaction that occurs inside structures called mitochondria in cells
The equation is: glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

Question 8

Why release energy

Answer 8

To build up larger molecules and some smaller ones
To enable muscles to contract
To produce heat
To have active transport of materials across boundries

Question 9

What is Anaerobic respiration

Answer 9

Is respiration without oxygen
It does not break down the glucose completely so much less energy is released than in aerobic respiration
Lactic acid is produced which is dangerous
After exercise you continue to pant to oxidise the lactic acid
The equation is: Glucose - lactic acid (+ a little energy)

Question 10

What is diffusion

Answer 10

The passive movement of molecules along a concentration gradient from a region of high concentration to low concentration

Question 11

Alveoli and the gas exchange

Answer 11

The walls of alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries and share a membrane with them
It allows oxygen to diffuse through the wall and enter the blood stream and then travel to the heart
Vice versa with Carbon dioxide

Question 12

What is the oxygen clept

Answer 12

The amount of oxygen required

Question 13

What are the functions of blood

Answer 13

To take oxygen from the lungs and get co2 to the lungs
To retrieve food and minerals from the small intestine to cells
To get hormones from body glands
To carry essential chemicals all over the body
To carry unnecessary waste from cells and dispose them

Question 14

What are the 4 main components of blood

Answer 14

Red blood cells - 45% of our blood, carry out gas exchange and are produced in bone marrow
White blood cells- 1% of our blood, attack disease causing bacteria viruses fungi and parasites, they produce antibodies and eat harmful things, made in bone marrow
Platelets- one of the components needed for blood clotting
Plasma- yellow liquid making 55% of our blood. Mostly water, hormones, antibodies, and fibrinogen. Produced by liver

Question 15

What is fibrinogen

Answer 15

Causes blood to clot so we dont bleed out

Question 16

Heart structure

Answer 16

Vena cava brings d.o.b back to the heart
Right atrium collects d.o.b and squeezes it into right ventricle through tricuspid valve
Right ventricle pumps d.o.b into pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery takes d.o.b to the lungs
Pulmonary vein brings o.b from lungs to heart
Left atrium collects o.b from lungs and passes it to left ventricle via bicuspid valve

Question 17

Whats the difference between fish and mammals

Answer 17

Fish have a single circulatory system and goes through the heart only once
Mammals have a double circulatory system and there are 2 currents of blood

Question 18

What is pulmonary circulation

Answer 18

When deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood is pumped from the lungs to the heart

Question 19

What is systematic circulation

Answer 19

Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart around the body and returns to the heart deoxygenated because all the oxygen was supplied to muscle tissues around the body

Question 20

What are Lymphocytes

Answer 20

A type of white blood cell that functions as apart of the immune system. They are able deal with foreign invaders of the body. Some of them work alone while others can coordinate with other cells

Question 21

What are phagocytes

Answer 21

Another type of white blood cell which will engulf other cells either to destroy them, to feed on them or get information from them

Question 22

What blood types are there

Answer 22

A, Ab, B, O
These blood types occur because of differences in the molecules on the surfaces of the cells called antigens
There are 2 types of antigens- A and B. If a WBC finds a RBC thats not coded it will see it as an intruder and start to form antibodies against it
O individuals do not have A or B antigens while AB have both

Question 23

What is Rhesus factor

Answer 23

Another type of antigen

85% of people have Rh+ and the rest have Rh-

Question 24

What are blood vessels

Answer 24

To carry out circulation blood flows through blood vessels

It is a tubular structure carrying through tissues and organs

Question 25

What are the 3 types of blood vessels

Answer 25

Arteries Veins and Capillaries

They deliver nutrients to the cells, Carry away waste, and Help maintain waste

Question 26

What do arteries do

Answer 26

Arteries carry blood from the heart to the cells
They have thick walls and are under high pressure
They are found deep in the skin

Question 27

What do capillaries do

Answer 27

They are very small thin walled vessels

They allow for exchange of oxygen nutrients carbon dioxide and waste chemicals into other structures

Question 28

What do veins do

Answer 28

Veins collect up the blood after it has been through the capillaries and carry it back to the heart
They are large thin walled vessels which carry low pressure deoxygenated blood
They can be seen near the surface of the body