Science Biomolecules

Question 1

-Are any of the numerous substances that are produced by cells and living organisms.

-Have a wide range of sizes and structures and perform a vast array of functions.

-The four major types are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Answer 1

Biomolecules

Question 2

-Are the most abundant class of organic compounds in organisms.
-They contain the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).

Answer 2

Carbohydrates

Question 3

-Simple sugars, the basic unit of a carbohydrate

Answer 3

Monosaccharides
-Glucose
-Fructose
-Galactose

Question 4

-If it contains an aldehyde group (–CHO)

Answer 4

Aldose

Question 5

-If it contains a keto group (–CO–)

Answer 5

Ketose

Question 6

-Made up of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond

Answer 6

Disaccharides
-Sucrose
-Lactose
-Maltose

Question 7

-Composed of a long chain of monosaccharide units they are also called polymers

Answer 7

Polysaccharides
-Starch
-Glycogen
-Cellulose

Question 8

-Primary form of polysaccharide stored in plants
-Consists of polymers: amylose and amylopectin

-Insoluble and therefore good for storage
-Helix or coil is compact.
-The branches can be easily hydrolyzed into glucose.

Answer 8

Starch

Question 9

-Primary form of polysaccharide found in animals and fungi
-Has a similar structure to that of amylopectin but its branching is more extensive

-The number and length of the branches indicate that it is extremely compact and hydrolyzes rapidly.

Answer 9

Glycogen

Question 10

-Major structural component of plant cell walls
-Adjacent chains of long, unbranched polymers of glucose
-Chains form a hydrogen bond with each other to form microfibrils

-The microfibrils are strong and vital to the structure of plant cell walls.

Answer 10

Cellulose

Question 11

-Are biomolecules that are either produced by the human body or obtained from diet.
-They are derived from dairy and poultry products, grains, meats, and oils.
-They contain more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms.

-Found in dairy and poultry products, grains, meats, baked goods, and oils, among many others.

-Having a high percentage of C and H content.

-Insoluble in water but are soluble in nonpolar solvent

Answer 11

Lipids

Question 12

-Are simple lipids that have a backbone structure consisting of four fused carbon rings.
-Are used to reduce redness or swelling of the body (inflammation).
-They can help with inflammations (e.g. asthma and eczema), can reduce the activity of the immune system, the body’s natural defense

Answer 12

Steroids

Question 13

-Consist of a long chain of fatty acid and a long chain of monohydroxy alcohol.

Answer 13

Waxes

-Beeswax, Chinese wax, Wood sealant, Ear wax, Vegetable wax

Question 14

-Is the most abundant class of lipid.
-Fats
-Oils

Answer 14

Triglyceride

Question 15

A lipid from animals

Answer 15

Fats

Question 16

A lipid from plants

Answer 16

Oils

Question 17

-Are made up of two fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, and one simple organic molecule like choline.

Answer 17

Phospholipids

Question 18

-Are large biomolecules composed of long chains of amino acids, which have unique structural arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
-It can be in two types– fibrous and globular.

Answer 18

Proteins

Question 19

-Are long, strand-like proteins that are insoluble in water, weak acids, and weak bases

Answer 19

Fibrous

Question 20

-Have a spherical shape and are soluble in water, acids, and bases
-Is like a tangled snake

Answer 20

Globular

Question 21

-Proteins comprise the skin, bones, hair, and nails.
-Collagen and keratin are the main structural components in animals.
-They form the scaffolding that gives animal cells their shape.

Answer 21

Structure

Question 22

-Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose from the blood and prevents the body from using fat as an energy source.
-Many hormones, including insulin, are proteins.

Answer 22

Hormones

Question 23

-Proteins are involved in the transport of molecules across cell membranes.

Answer 23

Transport

Question 24

-Some proteins store substances for future use in the body.
-Casein in milk stores nutrients for newborn mammals while ovalbumin serves as a nutrition source for bird embryos

Answer 24

Storage

Question 25

-Protein found in blood cells in the liver, stores iron.

Answer 25

Ferritin

Question 26

-Enzymes are proteins that increase the biochemical reactions.
-Most enzymes specifically act to only one reactant.

Answer 26

Catalysis

Question 27

-Myosin and actin, the protein molecules in the muscles, are involved in muscle contraction and relaxation

Answer 27

Movement

Question 28

-The protein molecules in the muscles, are involved in muscle contraction and relaxation

Answer 28

Myosin and Actin

Question 29

-Are biomolecules composed of nucleotides linked together in a chain via condensation reactions.
=The main types are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Answer 29

Nucleic Acids

Question 30

-Is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.

Answer 30

Purines

Question 31

-Is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyrimidine consisting two nitrogen atoms as position 1 & 3 of the six-member ring.

Answer 31

Pyrimidines

Question 32

Unbranched, forms a helix

Answer 32

Amylose

Question 33

Highly branched, not helical or spiral

Answer 33

Amylopectin

Question 34

-Glucose + Fructose

Answer 34

Sucrose

Question 35

Galactose + Glucose

Answer 35

Lactose

Question 36

Glucose + Glucose

Answer 36

Maltose

Question 37

It is the glue that joins two monosaccharide units

Answer 37

Glycosidic Bond

Question 38

Long chain of monosaccharide units
(not just polysaccharide)

Answer 38

Polymers

Question 39

Main structural components in animals

Answer 39

Collagen and Keratin

Question 40

Enables cells to absorb glucose from the blood and prevents the body from using fat as an energy source

Answer 40

Insulin