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School - Year 8 > Science - Biology 1 > Flashcards

Science - Biology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Claim

A

A claim is a statement that is supposed to be true.

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2
Q

Why is food not advertised in children’s TV

A

Foods are high in fat and sugar which can cause people to put on too much weight.

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3
Q

Diet

A

Diet means what you eat.

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4
Q

What does our diet provide

A

It provides raw materials for our body which is needed for energy to move, keep warm, make new materials, grow and repair

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5
Q

2 types of sugar in starch

A

Sucrose and glucose

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6
Q

What is the scientific term for fats and what is a liquid fat called?

A

Sometimes they are called lipids and liquid fat is called oil.

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7
Q

What are plant cell walls made out of

A

fiber

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8
Q

Why is fiber needed for the body?

A

The body does not use fiber but keeps us healthy by helping food move through the intestines and stopping them from getting blocked.

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9
Q

Why is water useful for our bodies?

A

acts like a lubricant
dissolves substances so that they can be carried around the body
fills up cells so they can hold their shape
cools you down, when you sweat.

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10
Q

What are nutrients?

A

nutrients are food substances that provide raw materials. They include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals.

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11
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Add two drops of iodine solution, if there is starch you should see a black blue color.

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12
Q

How do you test for protein?

A

Add 5 drops of biuret solution. If there is protein you will see a purple colour a few.

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13
Q

How do you test for fats?

A

Rub some of your foos on some white paper, hold the paper up to the light. Fats leave a greasy mark.

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14
Q

What is your body’s main source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

Why are fats stored in our body?

A

So there is always a source of energy.

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16
Q

What happens if all the carbohydrates you eat don’t get fully used up?

A

They will be turned into fats.

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17
Q

What happens to our cells as they respire?

A

The energy is transferred from the nutrients, making it available for us to grow, move, think and keep warm.

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18
Q

Why are proteins useful?

A

Proteins are useful because they grow and repair the cells in our bodies.

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19
Q

What does these vitamins do:
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Iron
Calcium

A

Vitamin A is needed for healthy skin and eyes
Vitamin C helps in tissues to stick together properly.
Vitamin D and calcium are needed to make bones
Iron is used to make red blood cells

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20
Q

What is a balance diet?

A

A balance diet is a diet with the right amounts of a wide variety of foods.

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21
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

When you have too much or too little of a nutrient in a diet.

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22
Q

What can a lack of protein cause?

A

Kwashiorkor, a symptom is a large belly, caused by the fluid collecting around the intestines and muscles that become too weak to hold the stomach and intestines in place.

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23
Q

What can a lack of vitamin A cause?

A

Night blindness (not being able to see well in low light)

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24
Q

What can a lack of vitamin C cause?

A

Scurvy, causes painful joint and bleeding gums.

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25
Q

A lack of calcium and vitamin D can cause?

A

Rickets, in which weak bones do not form properly.

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26
Q

A lack of iron can cause?

A

Tiredness and shortness of breath are symptoms of anaemia.

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27
Q

Starvation

A

Where people lack all of the nutrients they need, people starving get thinner and thinner.

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28
Q

What can being overweight cause?

A

It can cause heart disease, where the fat clogs the arteries and stops enough blood from reaching the heart muscle tissue. If very little blood reaches the cardiac muscle, it can start to die (a heart attack) which is a painful squeezing in the chest.

They would have a high blood pressure, which can damage the heart or kidneys or cause blood vessels to burst.

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29
Q

RIs

A

Reference intakes, gives people an idea about how much of each nutrient can be eaten in a day.

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30
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion turns large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones.

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31
Q

When does digestion occur?

A

Digestion occurs as your food passes through your gut. The gut and some other organs that help digestion (such as the salivary glands, liver and pancreas)

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32
Q

What first happens in the mouth?

A

Eating food is called ingestion, your teeth grind food into smaller pieces and mix it with saliva. Saliva is a digestive juice.

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33
Q

What happens in the esophagus?

A

Muscles in the esophagus contract to make the tube above the food narrower, which pushes the food toward the stomach.

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34
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Food is churned up with acid and more digestive juices are added and microbes are killed.

35
Q

What happens in the small intestines?

A

More digestive juices are added (including from the pancreas). The liver adds a substance to help digest the fats. Small molecules of digested food are then absorbed here (diffused into the main bloodstream).

36
Q

What happens in the rectum and anus?

A

The rectum stores the faeces which are then pushed out of the anus in a process called egestion or defaecation. (defaecation is getting rid of undigested food. Excretion is getting rid of wastes produced by your cells.

37
Q

What can good bacteria do?

A

The bacteria in your gut feed on your food and can digest some foods that your body cannot.

38
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are substances that speed up the breaking down of large molecules. Substances that speed up reactions are called catalysts. Enzymes are biological catalysts.

39
Q

What does the small intestine do to the small food molecules?

A

The small intestine absorbs them and is dissolved in the blood plasma.

40
Q

Why do the food molecules get absorbed into the small intestine scientifically?

A

Since there are more digested food molecules inside the small intestine than in the blood, this causes the movement of these molecules into the blood as that is called diffusion.

41
Q

How are the intestines adapted to diffusing food molecules faster?

A

The small intestine has folded walls and contains lots of little villi.

42
Q

How are the villi adapted to diffusing food faster?

A

They are one cell thick so the food can traverse faster and has a folded top to increase their surface area.

43
Q

What can alcohol do to your villi and intestines?

A

It can cause the villi to become more smaller and it allows fewer digestive enzymes to release.

44
Q

What is considered low fat in food labeling?

A

Must contain less than 3g per 100g of food.

45
Q

What does the monitor show when an athlete is injured?

A

One monitor measures oxygen saturation which is measured in a percentage, most people have their saturation between 95 - 100 but anything lower than 80, organs can be damaged.

46
Q

What was Mayow’s experiment and what does it tell us?

A

It tells us that only a part of air is needed for combustion as he put a jar over a candle and watched it extinguish as there wasn’t enough oxygen supply.

47
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The release of energy occurs in a series of chemical reactions called aerobic respiration, respiration that requires oxygen.

Oxygen + Glucose -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

48
Q

Do the lungs contract and expand by themselves? What is breathing?

A

No, the ribs and diaphragm does this. Breathing is when muscles between the ribs and in the diaphragm change the size of the lungs.

49
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The movement into and out of the lungs is called ventilation.

50
Q

What happens through inhalation

A

We inhale, the pressure in the lungs is reduced so atmospheric pressure pushes air in. The muscles between and attached to the ribs contract pulling the ribs up and out. The muscles in the diaphragm contract, moving it downwards. This all makes the lungs more bigger.

51
Q

How do the lungs keep clean?

A

Some cells in the tube of the lungs produce a sticky liquid called mucus. It traps dirt, dust, and microorganisms. Tiny cells on other cells, called cilia, sweep the mucus out of the lungs and into the oesophagus where it can be swallowed.

52
Q

What do the chemicals in cigars do?

A

They stop the cilia from working.

53
Q

What is a gas exchange?

A

Some of the oxygen in the lungs enters in the blood, at the same time, some of the carbon dioxide in the blood plasma enters the air in the lungs, this is called gas exchange and is done by diffusion.

54
Q

How many alveoli pockets are there inside the lungs?

A

700 million as it gives the lungs more of a surface area to diffuse better.

54
Q

How thick are the alveoli?

A

They are 1 cell thick, the blood capillaries surrounding them also have thin walls, which makes diffusion happen more quickly.

55
Q

Name the organs of the gas exchange system (respiratory system)

A

Trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

56
Q

What is a vital capacity?

A

Your vital capacity is the maximum amount of air you can exhale after taking as much air into your lungs as you can.

57
Q

What is a tidal volume?

A

The volume of air that you normally inhale and exhale.

58
Q

How do you increase your vital capacity and tidal volume?

A

By excercising

59
Q

What happens when oxygen enters blood?

A

The oxygen enters the red blood cells where it sticks to molecules of haemoglobin. These make the cells change colour, from dark browney to bright red.

60
Q

What happens in the capillaries when exiting the alvoeli?

A

The oxygen gradually leaves the red blood cells and dissolves in the plasma, this leaks out through tiny holes in the capllaries and forms tissue fluid, which carries the oxygen to the cells. Waste products from cells dissolve in the tissue fluid and return to other capillaries, which connect to veins which carries blood back towards the heart.

61
Q

Without oxygen your cells can start to die. This can happen because of:

A

Narrowed blood vessels
poisons
poor gas exchange in the lungs

62
Q

What happens to your skin when it is cold

A

The blood vessels in your skin become narrow and less blood reaches the cells. If this causes cells to die, it results in frostbite.

63
Q

What happens in cardiovascular disease?

A

Blood vessels become narrower due to fatty substances collecting inside them, if this reduces blood flow too much, the cells start dying.

64
Q

What is a heart disease?

A

Heart diseae is a type of cardiovascular disease in which the blood supply to the heart muscles is reduced, this can cause heart attack.

65
Q

What can carbon monoxide do to you?

A

Faulty gas appliances produce carbon monoxide, which sticks to haemoglobin which allows less oxygen to stick to it.

66
Q

What can tar do to you?

A

Tar can irritate the alvoeli in your lings which causes them to break apart.

67
Q

What can cigarette smoke cause?

A

It can trigger asthm,a, in which tiny tubes in your lungs become narrow and start filling with mucus.

68
Q

Correlation

A

Is when two variales change together.

69
Q

What is calcium hydroxide

A

A solution of calcium hydroxide is called limewater and it turns cloudy when it absorbs carbon dioxide.

70
Q

What does hydrgen carbonate do when it reacts with water or carbon dioxide

A

Is pink when in water but turns yellow as carbon dioxide is added.

71
Q

What does stomata do in leaves of plants?

A

Stomata allows gasses in and out.

72
Q

If yiou hold your breathe for too long what happens?

A

Your brain causes you to breathe

73
Q

What happens during aerobic excercise?

A

Your body continuously gets enough oxygen to replace the oxygen being used by contracting muscle cells. Slow swimming is an example.

74
Q

What is anaerobic respiration and how does it occur?

A

During strenuous excercise, oxygen is used up faster than it is replaced. Anaerobic respiration occurs. Anaerobic respiration:
glucose -> lactic acid + ( + some energy)

75
Q

What happens when there is lactic acid in your body?

A

The lactic acid enters your liver which then gets converted into glucose replacing the oxygen lost from blood. This need for extra oxygen is called excess post-exercise oxygen consumption - EPOC. It is sometimes called oxyegn debt.

76
Q

Food

A

Food is a complicated mixture of different chemicals

77
Q

Can you give me examples of where I can find food for each type?

A

Carbohydrates: cereal, bread, potatoes
Fats: milk, butter oil
Proteins: Meat fish eggs
Vitamins vegetables, cereal
Minerals: Meat, milk, cereal
Fibre: Fruit + veg, cereal
Water: Water!

78
Q

What do minerals help us in?

A

Strong teeth, strong bones

79
Q

How do you measure the energy content of food?

A

We first take the mass of the food and we place it on a mounted needle. Then we put 20ml of water in a test tube and we place a thermometer inside so we can measure the initial temperature. Now we burn the food sample and place it under the test tube to heat the water. After the food sample has finished burning we check the temperature and we use the formula energy = mass (of water) * change in temperature * specific heat capacity

80
Q

What are the two things the stomach does?

A

The chemical breakdown of food begins
microbes are destroyed

81
Q

Types of different enzymes

A

lipase – breaks fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
protease – breaks protein into amino acids.
carbohydrase – breaks carbohydrates into smaller sugars.

82
Q

respiration

A

The release of energy from glucose is called respiration.

83
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

Respiration occurs in specific cell parts called mitochondria.
The energy is transferred to a compound called ATP.

School - Year 8 (11 decks)

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