Science Flashcards
which coronary artery supplies most of the heart
LAD (left anterior descending)
what coronary artery comes form the left stem and goes round the back of the heart
circumflex
which coronary artery supplies the left heart border and branches off the left stem
left marginal artery
which coronary artery comes from the right coronary and travels between the ventricles on the back of the heart
posterior interventricular artery
what is the first branch of the aorta
what does it branch into
brachiocephalic trunk
right subclavian and right common carotid
what is the second branch of the aorta
what does it branch into
left common carotid
branches into internal and external carotids
what is the third branch of the aorta
left subclavian
what arteries come off of the subclavians superiorly
right and left vertebral arteries
which sphlanchnic nerves do the sympathetic fibres do the heart travel along
cardiopulmonary sphlanchnic nerves C1-T5
what is the last thing to drain into the SVC before it drains into the right atrium
azygous vein
what are the 2 things that drain together to form the SVC
right and left brachiocephalic veins
what vessels supply the myocardium and epicardium
coronary arteries
where does the right recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve hook under
right subclavian artery
where does the left recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve hook under
arch of the aorta
which node of the heart does the heart beat originate
where is it
SA node
above the right atrium
what is afterload
the resistance that the heart needs to pump into
what is preload
how much the ventricular walls stretch before contraction
is it systole/diastole or diastole/systole
systole/diastole
mean arterial pressure calculation
(diastole + diastole + systole) divided by 3
2 diastoles bc its the smaller one
short term regulation of BP (1)
baroreceptors
long term regulation of BP (3)
ANP
RAAS
ADH
sympathetic affect on the heart
positive chronotrope
parasympathetic affect on the heart
negative chronotrope
which one, HDL or LDL, is the ‘bad’ cholesterol that increases your CVD risk
LDL
first line drug for high LDL cholesterol
statins
what does a beta2 agonist (eg adrenaline, dobutamine)
do
vasodilation of coronary arteries and vasoconstriction of other arteries = increased blood to heart
side effects on non selective beta1 and beta2 antagonists (3)
what can you use to combat this (for treatment of arrhythmia, angina etc where you want to decrease heart rate)
bronchospasm
cold peripheries
hypoglycaemia
cardioselective beta1 antagonist (eg atenolol)
what does a beta1 antagonist (eg atenolol) do
decrease heart rate (bc stimulation of beta1 = increases heart rate)
what does a m2 antagonist (eg digoxin, atropine) do
increase heart rate (bc stimulation of m2 = decreases heart rate
what does nitric oxide (eg GTN spray) do to the blood vessels
vasodilation
which peptide is most significant in vasoconstriction
endothelin 1
what do ACE inhibitors do
block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II = no aldosterone (no RAAS) = salt excretion = decreased bp (also vasodilation to decrease bp)
side effect of ACE inhibitors
what do you do if this happens
cough
change to ARB
when are ACE inhibitors and ARBs contraindicated (2)
pregnancy
bilateral renal artery stenosis
what do CCBs do (eg verapamil, amlodipine)
block Ca channels = decrease muscle contraction = decrease HR and force of contraction
what are diuretics used for in CVD
how do they work
hypertension
increase water excretion form kidney = decrease bp
what type of drug is warfarin
what does warfarin block
what does this cause
anticoag
blocks production of FII and FX = blocks coagulation cascade
what type of drug is heparin
what does heparin block the production of
what is preferred over heparin apart form in renal failure
anticoag
FXa = blocks coagulation cascade
LMWHs
what type of drug is aspirin
what does it block
antiplatelet
COX
alternative to aspirin in aspirin intolerant patients (GI bleeding and ulceration)
clopidogrel (ticagelor)
side effect of digoxin (4)
yellow vision
bradycardia
headache
hyperkalaemia
what does digoxin do
what is it used in
blocks AV conduction
AF
scoring system for cardiovascular risk factors
ASSIGN
which limb is ‘earthed’ in an ECG
right leg
which lead is between left arm and left leg in ECG
lead III
bc La-LL
which lead is between right arm and left arm in ECG
lead I
bc ra-La
which lead is between right arm and left leg in ECG
lead II
bc ra-LL
where does aVF augmented lead come from in ECG
left leg (bc f = foot)
where does aVL augmented lead come from in ECG
left arm (bc l = left arm)
where does aVR augmented lead come from in ECG
right arm (bc r = right arm)
P wave
what is it
how long is normal
atrial depolarisation
<0.12s
QRS complex
what is it
how long is normal
atrial repolarisation and ventricular depolarisation
0.04-0.12s
T phase
what is it
should it be positive or negative normally
ventricular repolarisation
positive
PR interval
what is it
how long is normal
AV node delay
0.12-0.2s
‘sawtooth baseline’ on ECG
atrial flutter
irregularly irregular ECG
atrial fibrillation
ST elevation in; II, III, aVF
inferior MI
ST elevation in; V1-V4
anteroseptal MI
ST elevation in; I, aVL, V1-V6
anterolateral MI
ST elevation in; I, aVL
high lateral MI
ST elevation in; V5-V6
lateral MI
ST elevation in; V1-V3
posterior MI
if V leads/chest leads are involved in ST elevation, where is the MI (generally)
anterior
