Anatomy (first year - ignore) Flashcards
Where would you palpate the apex beat?
5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
what are the 3 layers of the pericardium, from outermost to innermost?
fibrous pericardium, parietal serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium
what are the 3 layers of the heart muscle, from outermost to innermost?
epicardium (same as visceral serous pericardium), myocardium (thickest), endocardium (thin)
what is the purpose of the myocardium?
responsible for heart contraction
which layer of the pericardium provides most protection?
fibrous pericardium, thickest
in between which two layers of the pericardium is the pericardial sac?
the parietal serous pericardium and the visceral serous pericardium
what is it called when the pericardial sac fills with blood?
haemopericardium
what can cause a haemopericardium?
trauma or ruptured cardiac chamber after an MI
what procedure is used to treat a haemopericardium?
pericardiocentesis
where is the needle inserted in a pericardiocentesis?
infrasternal angle, aimed superiorposteriorly or in the 5th intercoastal space
what is a haemopericardium commonly known as?
cardiac tamponade
where is the transverse pericardial sinus and in what operation is it useful?
posterior to the pulmonary trunk and the aorta and anterior to the vena cava, used in cardiopulmonary bypass
what is the atrioventricular septum split up into?
the interatrial septum and the interventricular septum
what can an atrial/ventricular septal defect lead to?
mixing of arterial and venous blood = hypoxaemia
what border does the right atrium account for?
right border
which chamber accounts for the left border?
left ventricle
which chamber of the heart makes up the apex?`
left ventricle
another name for the anterior surface is the…
sternocostal border
another name for the posterior surface is the…
base
another name for the inferior surface is the…
diaphragmatic surface
what is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton?
it anchors the heart valves
what are fibrous annuli?
rings that surround the heart valves, part of the fibrous skeleton
which arteries branch off the ascending aorta?
right and left coronary arteries
which arteries branch off the aortic arch?
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery
what are the branches of the left coronary artery?
circumflex artery, left anterior descending (LAD) artery, left marginal artery and the lateral branch
what are the branches of the right coronary artery?
right marginal artery and the posterior intraventricular artery
what are the 4 chambers of the heart (in order of how they carry out the cardiac cycle)?
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
what are the internal feature of the right atrium?
it has 3 openings (IVC, SVC and coronary sinus), there is a oval fossa in the middle, then smooth tissue, then rough tissue round the outside (muscular bands of the auricle)
what is the boundary between the atrium and the auricle called?
the crista terminalis
which valves have 3 cusps?
aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid
which valves have 2 cusps?
mitral/bicuspid
which valves are semilunar?
aortic and pulmonary
which valves are leaflet in design?
mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid
the closure of which valves accounts for the first heart sound ‘lub’?
mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid
the closure of which valves accounts for the second heart sound ‘dub’?
aortic and pulmonary
where would you auscultate for the aortic valve?
2nd right intercostal space next to sternum
where would you auscultate for the pulmonary valve?
2nd left intercostal space next to sternum
where would you auscultate for the tricuspid valve?
4th left intercostal space next to sternum
where would you auscultate for the bicuspid/mitral valve?
5th intercostal space midclavicular line
where would you palpate for the apex beat?
5th intercostal space midclavicular line
what is the most inferior/lateral part of the heart?
the apex
what condition may cause the apex beat to shift more laterally/superiorly?
cardiomegaly (cardiac enlargement)
what are auricles?
an extension of the atrium
what is the purpose of the azygous vein?
takes blood back from the intercostal spaces to the heart
is there a connection between the left and right coronary arteries?
yes
what is the coronary sinus?
a short vein (that all the coronary veins drain into) that returns deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the right atrium
where does the coronary sinus sit?
in the atrioventricular groove
what is a moderator band?
carries spread of electrical activity to the cusps of the valves
what kind of chambers are the atria?
collecting chambers
what kind of chambers are the ventricles?
pumping chambers
what is the purpose of valves?
to maintain unidirectional flow
what is the septomarginal trabecula also known as?
moderator band
what is the phrenic nerve made up of?
paired peripheral fibres from the anterior rami of C3, 4 and 5
where is the phrenic nerve in relation to the heart?
descends on the lateral border of the pericardium
what does diastole consist of (in terms of where in the heart is the blood)?
blood returns to RA via the vena cava and returns to the LA vie the pulmonary veins
what are the 2 mechanisms of draining blood from the atria to the ventricles?
drainage (80% of blood) and atrial contraction (remaining 20% of blood)
