Anatomy (first year - ignore)

Question 1

Where would you palpate the apex beat?

Answer 1

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

Question 2

what are the 3 layers of the pericardium, from outermost to innermost?

Answer 2

fibrous pericardium, parietal serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium

Question 3

what are the 3 layers of the heart muscle, from outermost to innermost?

Answer 3

epicardium (same as visceral serous pericardium), myocardium (thickest), endocardium (thin)

Question 4

what is the purpose of the myocardium?

Answer 4

responsible for heart contraction

Question 5

which layer of the pericardium provides most protection?

Answer 5

fibrous pericardium, thickest

Question 6

in between which two layers of the pericardium is the pericardial sac?

Answer 6

the parietal serous pericardium and the visceral serous pericardium

Question 7

what is it called when the pericardial sac fills with blood?

Answer 7

haemopericardium

Question 8

what can cause a haemopericardium?

Answer 8

trauma or ruptured cardiac chamber after an MI

Question 9

what procedure is used to treat a haemopericardium?

Answer 9

pericardiocentesis

Question 10

where is the needle inserted in a pericardiocentesis?

Answer 10

infrasternal angle, aimed superiorposteriorly or in the 5th intercoastal space

Question 11

what is a haemopericardium commonly known as?

Answer 11

cardiac tamponade

Question 12

where is the transverse pericardial sinus and in what operation is it useful?

Answer 12

posterior to the pulmonary trunk and the aorta and anterior to the vena cava, used in cardiopulmonary bypass

Question 13

what is the atrioventricular septum split up into?

Answer 13

the interatrial septum and the interventricular septum

Question 14

what can an atrial/ventricular septal defect lead to?

Answer 14

mixing of arterial and venous blood = hypoxaemia

Question 15

what border does the right atrium account for?

Answer 15

right border

Question 16

which chamber accounts for the left border?

Answer 16

left ventricle

Question 17

which chamber of the heart makes up the apex?`

Answer 17

left ventricle

Question 18

another name for the anterior surface is the…

Answer 18

sternocostal border

Question 19

another name for the posterior surface is the…

Answer 19

base

Question 20

another name for the inferior surface is the…

Answer 20

diaphragmatic surface

Question 21

what is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton?

Answer 21

it anchors the heart valves

Question 22

what are fibrous annuli?

Answer 22

rings that surround the heart valves, part of the fibrous skeleton

Question 23

which arteries branch off the ascending aorta?

Answer 23

right and left coronary arteries

Question 24

which arteries branch off the aortic arch?

Answer 24

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

Question 25

what are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 25

circumflex artery, left anterior descending (LAD) artery, left marginal artery and the lateral branch

Question 26

what are the branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 26

right marginal artery and the posterior intraventricular artery

Question 27

what are the 4 chambers of the heart (in order of how they carry out the cardiac cycle)?

Answer 27

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Question 28

what are the internal feature of the right atrium?

Answer 28

it has 3 openings (IVC, SVC and coronary sinus), there is a oval fossa in the middle, then smooth tissue, then rough tissue round the outside (muscular bands of the auricle)

Question 29

what is the boundary between the atrium and the auricle called?

Answer 29

the crista terminalis

Question 30

which valves have 3 cusps?

Answer 30

aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid

Question 31

which valves have 2 cusps?

Answer 31

mitral/bicuspid

Question 32

which valves are semilunar?

Answer 32

aortic and pulmonary

Question 33

which valves are leaflet in design?

Answer 33

mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid

Question 34

the closure of which valves accounts for the first heart sound 'lub'?

Answer 34

mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid

Question 35

the closure of which valves accounts for the second heart sound 'dub'?

Answer 35

aortic and pulmonary

Question 36

where would you auscultate for the aortic valve?

Answer 36

2nd right intercostal space next to sternum

Question 37

where would you auscultate for the pulmonary valve?

Answer 37

2nd left intercostal space next to sternum

Question 38

where would you auscultate for the tricuspid valve?

Answer 38

4th left intercostal space next to sternum

Question 39

where would you auscultate for the bicuspid/mitral valve?

Answer 39

5th intercostal space midclavicular line

Question 40

where would you palpate for the apex beat?

Answer 40

5th intercostal space midclavicular line

Question 41

what is the most inferior/lateral part of the heart?

Answer 41

the apex

Question 42

what condition may cause the apex beat to shift more laterally/superiorly?

Answer 42

cardiomegaly (cardiac enlargement)

Question 43

what are auricles?

Answer 43

an extension of the atrium

Question 44

what is the purpose of the azygous vein?

Answer 44

takes blood back from the intercostal spaces to the heart

Question 45

is there a connection between the left and right coronary arteries?

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

what is the coronary sinus?

Answer 46

a short vein (that all the coronary veins drain into) that returns deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the right atrium

Question 47

where does the coronary sinus sit?

Answer 47

in the atrioventricular groove

Question 48

what is a moderator band?

Answer 48

carries spread of electrical activity to the cusps of the valves

Question 49

what kind of chambers are the atria?

Answer 49

collecting chambers

Question 50

what kind of chambers are the ventricles?

Answer 50

pumping chambers

Question 51

what is the purpose of valves?

Answer 51

to maintain unidirectional flow

Question 52

what is the septomarginal trabecula also known as?

Answer 52

moderator band

Question 53

what is the phrenic nerve made up of?

Answer 53

paired peripheral fibres from the anterior rami of C3, 4 and 5

Question 54

where is the phrenic nerve in relation to the heart?

Answer 54

descends on the lateral border of the pericardium

Question 55

what does diastole consist of (in terms of where in the heart is the blood)?

Answer 55

blood returns to RA via the vena cava and returns to the LA vie the pulmonary veins

Question 56

what are the 2 mechanisms of draining blood from the atria to the ventricles?

Answer 56

drainage (80% of blood) and atrial contraction (remaining 20% of blood)