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winter exam > science > Flashcards

science Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cell?

A

the cell is the smallest working unit of a living thing (organism)

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2
Q

independent variable

A

being changed

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3
Q

dependent variable

A

being measured

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4
Q

fixed/control variable

A

staying the same

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5
Q

hypothesis

A

prediction

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6
Q

name of the man who first said the word cell

A

robert hooke in 1665

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7
Q

what does unicellular mean

A

made of just one cell, for example, bacteria.​

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8
Q

multicellular

A

made of many cells, for example, humans.​

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9
Q

levels of organization

A

cells - tissues - organ - organelle - organ system - organism

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10
Q

what is tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells that work together to carry out a similar function. e.g Blood is a tissue which consists of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets) that work together to transport oxygen and other substances around the body.

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11
Q

organ

A

An organ is a group of tissues that work together to carry out a similar function​

​

Example: The Heart, Liver, Kidneys, etc.​

​

An organ does not have to consist of only one type of tissue​

Example – the heart consists of blood tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue.

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12
Q

organ system

A

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a similar function.

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13
Q

organism

A

An organism is a group of organ systems that work together to carry out a similar function.

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14
Q

what does an animal cell consist of?

A

ribosome, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria

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15
Q

what is membrane?

A

Structure:​
Outer cell covering​
Made up mainly of fat

Function:​
Keeps the contents of the cell in place​
Acts as a form of protection​
Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly like substance, composed of 80% water, salts, glucose

cell organelles float within this substance + cell activities occur here

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17
Q

membrane-bound organelles

A

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

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18
Q

contents of a nucleus

A

genetic material, chromosomes made up of genes, genes made up of dna

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19
Q

function of the nucleus

A

acts as the brain of the cell, in charge of all cell activities, cell manager,

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20
Q

mitochondrion (mitochondria)

A

The place where energy is released from nutrients by respiration.

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21
Q

ribosomes

A

Their function is to produce proteins such as the hormone insulin, the enzyme amylase, and collagen for the skin.

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22
Q

small vacuole

A

Used for temporary storage of food and waste

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23
Q

plant cell

A

cytoplasm

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24
Q

cellulose cell wall

A

only in plant cells + supports, shapes and strengthens the cell

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25
Q

chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis occurs

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26
Q

photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the way in which green plants make their own food using light.

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27
Q

large vacuole

A

Stores water, sugar and waste.​
Also helps to give
structure to the cell.

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28
Q

characteristics of life

A

reproduction, movement, respiration, response, nutrition, growth and excretion

29
Q

the keywords of a microscope (study image on slide 45)

A

Microscope ​
Eyepiece lens​
Nosepiece​
Objective lenses​
Stage​
Lamp​
Coarse focus​
Fine Focus

30
Q

what does the eyepiece do

A

magnifies the sample x10

31
Q

objective lens

A

above the stage, has 3 lenses that magnify the sample by 4, 10 or 40

32
Q

stage

A

where you hold your sample

33
Q

coarse focus knob

A

to focus sample you are looking t

34
Q

fine focus knob

A

further sharpens image and for delicate focusing at high power

35
Q

light

A

supplies light to the object

36
Q

diaphragm

A

controls the amount of light

37
Q

why do we need food?

A

energy, growth, repair, to prevent deficiency disease

38
Q

main types of nutrients in food

A

protein, carbohydrates, fat ,vitamins, minerals, water

39
Q

sources of protein

A

lean meat, fish eggs, poultry, beans, lentils.

40
Q

function of protein in body

A

growth, repair of tissue

41
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

starch, sugar, fibre

42
Q

function of carbohydrates in body

A

starch = energy
sugar = energy
fibre = causes peristalsis in the digestive system, prevents constipation

43
Q

fat

A

you can get it from vegetable oils function = cell membranes

44
Q

vitamins

A

vitamin C + D

45
Q

vitamin c

A

citrus fruits, kiwi, blackcurrants

46
Q

vitamin d

A

sunlight, dairy foods, supplements

47
Q

vitamin c + d function in body

A

vitamin c - making new cells
vitamin d - healthy bones, wellbeing

48
Q

vitamin c + d deficiency disease

A

c - scurvy
d = rickets

49
Q

minerals

A

calcium , iron

50
Q

sources of iron and calcium

A

calcium : dairy foods, tinned fish
iron : red meat, green vegetables

51
Q

calcium + iron function in body

A

calcium - strong bones and teeth
iron - needed for haemoglobin

52
Q

calcium + iron deficiency disease

A

iron - anaemia
calcium - osteoporosis

53
Q

water function in body

A

maintain body at 37 degrees

54
Q

digest =

A

break down food

55
Q

components of the digestive system (see slide 10)

A

mouth and mouth cavity, pharnyx, oesophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

56
Q

function of salivary glands

A

produces amylase, amylase is an enzyme that helps break down starch

57
Q

function of liver

A

produces bile to aid digestion of fat

58
Q

gallbladder function

A

stores bile until small intestine needs it

59
Q

function pancreas

A

make enzymes to digest food

60
Q

small intestine function

A

digests food and absorbs it into blood

61
Q

five steps of getting nutrients

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion

62
Q

meanings of the five steps of getting nutrients

A

Ingestion: eating​
Digestion: breaking down food​
Absorption: food passing into blood​
Assimilation: food being used by the cells​
Egestion: passing out unabsorbed food (faeces)​

63
Q

types of digestion

A

chemical, mechanical

64
Q

teeth and their functions

A

Incisors (4)​
Cut and slice food.​
Canines (2)​
Grip and tear food.​
Premolar (4)​
Chew and grind food.​
Molars (6)​
Chew and grind food.​

65
Q

peristalsis

A

used to push food along system only occurs in muscles of digestive system

66
Q

enzymes

A

A protein that alters the speed of a chemical reaction in an organism

67
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that breaks down starch into a sugar called maltose

68
Q

amylase - ? - ?

A

AMYLASE - STARCH - MALTOSE

69
Q

maltase - ? - ?

A

MALTASE - MALTOSE - GLUCOSE

winter exam (9 decks)

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