history test conquest and colonisation and reformation Flashcards
The age of exploration main countries
Portuguese and Spanish began to explore the world in 15th + 16th century. Main countries affected by colonisation south + central africa
10 Causes of age of exploration
New trade routes,
silk jewels spices brought by Italian merchants to Italy,
Italians controlled trade (monopoly),
wealth for countries (hopes new land would add to wealth and power of their countries)
Wealth and fame for explorers (leaders of the voyagers hoped they would gain new riches and titles)
Marco Polo
Spent 20yrs in chine during 13th cent his story was published in the travels of Marco Polo = encouraging other explorers
Religion, wanting to convert people of nee lands To Christianity, brought priests on board.
Renaissance
People questions old ideas during renaissance
New tech in ship building made longer voyages possible
Sea travel
Trade
To spread Christianity
Greed
Great Silk Road (began in north-central China in Xi’an, ended Anatolia, length more than 4000 miles (6,400 km)
Christopher Columbus what year who did he lead
: Spanish explores led by Christopher Columbus, 1492: wanted to sail west to reach the east but instead discovered islands off the coast of America
Who was Prince Henry the navigator
Set up a school for sailors and sailing + mapped and explored coast of africa
Who was Bartholomew Diaz
Around the cape of good hopes
Who was vasco de gama
Reached India by sailing around africa
Henán cortés and Francisco pizzaro were
Explorers
Difference between explorer and conquistador
Explorer : there to learn
Conquistador: there to conquer
After Columbus’s first voyage…
The pope got Spain and Portugal to agree to TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (1494)
After Columbus voyage, pope drew a line on the..
The pope drew a line on the globe from north to south. Portugal got to keep everything to the east of the line while Spain got everything to the west.
Columbus was followed by conquistadors (conquers) like …
Hernan Cortès . Francisco Pizarro
Hernan cortès
served as a soldier in the Caribbean before gathering an army of 11 ships and 500 men conquering the Aztec empire in Mexico, when arriving he burnt all ships so his men would need to fight to survive.
Native tribes who had been conquered helped him as they did not like heavy taxes and slavery imposed on them by Aztec’s .
Many were sacrificed to Aztec gods.
was Hernan cortès welcomed by the aztecs?
Yes, initially he was welcomed by the aztec king monetezuma but after outbreak of violence cortès and his men had to flee the capital TENOCHTITLAN
How big was cortès army?
Gathered army of 100,000 men from local tribes opposing aztecs
When we’re the aztecs conquered
In 1521 after a long siege of the capital where much of the population died from hunger and smallpox.
He destroyed the city and Aztecs were forced to work in mines or fields.
Was the Aztec land rich?
Thelandwasrichingoldand precious minerals and it made Spain the richest country in Europe
What was Tenochtitlan rebuilt as
Mexico City.
What did the Spaniards bring to Tenochtitlan and rename it as after Mexico City
Soon the Spaniards brought cattle, plants, ploughs and hundreds of priests to establish a colony in the Aztec lands, and renamed them New Spain.
Francisco Pizarro conquered the…
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca empire in Peru.
Name of Inca emperor + capital
He captured and killed the Inca emperor, Atahualpa. Pizarro and his men captured the Inca capital, Cuzco.
Who killed Francisco Pizarro
The Spaniards fought amongst themselves and Pizarro was killed by his own soldiers.
For the next 100 years… (Incas)
For the next 100 years, gold and silver was mined by the Incas who died in their thousands.
• Peru and Bolivia supplied around 65% of the gold and silver sent to Spain in the 16th century.
• As a result, Spain became extremely wealthy.
• Spanish ships sailing between the New World and Spain were attached by English ships, eventually leading to war between the two countries.
Spanish also conquered
• The Spanish also conquered parts of south-west North America, e.g. Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas.
Colonization – what was the impact on the people of the Americas? (8)
1.Slave trade
2. Plantations
6. Architecture and town planning
3. Spanish system
4. Religion and language
8. Commemoration and controversy
5. Economy
7. Change in clothing
The slave trade, how long did it last?
The slave trade lasted for 300 years.
Who controlled the slave trade
The Portuguese controlled the trans-Atlantic slave trade and brought the first slaves to the ‘New
World’.
define colonisation
Colonization = settling among and establishing control over the native people of an area
How many slaves brought to America, how many died?
12.5 million slaves were brought to the Americas. 1.8 million of these died on the way in the Middle
Passage.
Plantations, where were they? + more
There were large plantations in the West Indies with a high death rate for slaves.
This meant there was a constant supply of slaves to these islands.
Conditions on plantations were brutal.
The Spanish developed large estates called
haciendas
They used the ? system to work the land
encomienda
This entitled the Spanish to what? What did it create?
This entitled them to use the natives as free slave labour in return for protecting and educating the natives.
This created a small, rich ruling class in control of the majority of the poorer population.
Dominant religion in central and South America?
• Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in Central and South America.
Main language of Brazil and Spain, central and most of the rest of South America?
• Portuguese is the main language of Brazil and Spanish is the main language in Central and most of the rest of South America.
The Spanish brought what into the economy? The land was divided into what?
: the Spaniards brought new diversity into the economy and caused a major revolution in the use of land.
• Much of the land was divided into haciendas
The Spanish architectures
The Spanish carried European-style architecture to New Spain.
• Large churches were built in the Baroque style which was common in Europe in the 17th century.
• The Spanish also brought the Laws of the Indies, which gave directions on town planning.
• All new towns would include a central plaza and the streets would be laid out in a grid pattern.
Change in clothing
Woollen capes or blankets soon began to displace the traditional manta woven from cotton.
new tech in ships: caravel (4)
used square and lateen sails which meant they could sail faster
castles (raised structures) were built at the front and back to help with defense
clinker built, could be bigger and carry more
rudders gave more control over steering.
new tech in navigation (4)
astrolabes, quadrants and cross-staffs were used to work out latitude
a log and line and a sand glass were used to measure speed in knots
compasses helped with directions
map makers replaced portolan charts with more accurate maps showing the whole world.
when was slavery abolished in the united states
1865
large plantations growing crops like…?
-Large plantations, growing crops like cotton, tobacco and peanuts, dominated the economy of the Americas
commemoration surrounding columbus
commemorated all over the americas with statues, street and city names and one country name columbia
what is the 12th of october celebrating
the date columbus landed in the new world, DAY OF THE RACE. Some countries changed name to ‘Day of Respect for Cultural Diversity’ or ‘Day of the Discovery of the Two Worlds.’
in the usa what has become controversial, what have these protests resulted in, and what are the names?
In the USA, Columbus Day has become controversial. Protests have resulted in some states changing the name to ‘Indigenous Peoples Day’ or ‘Native American Day’.
impact on spain (5)
Spain became the richest country in Europe and controlled a large empire.
Historians estimate that between 1500 and 1600, Spain carried more than 180 tons of gold and 16,000 tones of silver from New Spain to Europe.
Spanish language and religions spread.
Most countries in Central and South America are Spanish speaking, Catholic countries.
In Spain, Columbus is seen as a hero. 12 October is a national holiday.
impact on portugal
Portuguese empire grew.
Portuguese language spread (Brazil).
Heavy emigration from Portugal to Brazil.
The Portuguese commemorate the Age of Exploration in their National Day on 10 June.
reformation
Reformation = a time in 16th century Europe when the Catholic Church was torn apart SCHISM
Christianity - denominations?
protestant - catholic
! !
church of ireland, methodist, presbyterian, anglican, baptist
The impact of the Reformation and the historical importance of religion
- As a result of the Reformation, the Catholic Church (the most powerful organisation in Europe) was forced to change (Catholic Counter-Reformation) -This showed the power of the people to force change
The Council of Trent were a
series of meetings that forced
the Catholic Church to change
and get rid of the abuses
-Because of the Council of Trent, Catholicism remained the most powerful religion in Europe -The authority and control of the pope over the Catholic Church was strengthened
- New religious orders were
established to promote the
Catholic religion
-E.g., the Jesuits were founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola. They focused on preaching and teaching. -Jesuit missionaries travelled the world spreading the word of God, e.g. Francis Xavier went to Japan
- Martin Luther inspired a
new wave of reformers
-E.g., John Calvin began his reformation in Geneva - Ulrich Zwingli preached his views in Switzerland -Henry VIII began the English reformation
Two different architectural
styles emerged between
Catholic and Protestant
churches
-As a result of the Reformation, the Catholic Church commissioned more emotive art that could tell a story e.g., Bernini’s David -Protestant churches followed a plain style and avoided displaying paintings and sculptures
The Court of Inquisition
tried people accused of heresy
(being an enemy of God)
-Protestantism was crushed in Spain and Italy as a result
Christianity was, and
remains, divided between
different churches (5)
-E.g., Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, Church of Ireland, Methodist.
Education spread
-John Knox (Scottish, Presbyterian leader) said that poor children must be educated by the church -Luther’s 95 Theses were published in vernacular (everyday) languages -Luther also translated the Bible into German -These actions helped spread literacy
There have been many wars
over religion
. The French Wars of Religion and the English Civil War -French Huguenots (Protestants) were massacred
when did martin luther die
February 18, 1546 (age 62 years), Eisleben, Germany
