renaissance, ldimt Flashcards
where did the lords, ladies, servants, pages, squires and chaplains live
The lord and lady of the castle lived in the keep. So too did the servants, pages, squires and also the chaplain (priest).
The Normans lived where
The Normans lived in castles; first motte and bailey, then stone e.g. Trim Castle.
main room in the keep
great hall
what did the lord do in a day in his life
carrying out his duties
He gave orders to the soldiers.
Collected rents and taxes from the peasants.
Held court to settle disputes and decided punishments for criminals.
a life a lady led
lived quiet lives, and their main job was to produce heirs.
They spent lots of time in the solar (the room that got the most sun). Here they taught their daughters to spin, weave, do needlework such as embroidery, and used herbs to treat illness.
Ladies of the castle cared for children sent by other nobles to castle -> fosterage.
They were responsible for ordering food for the kitchens and salting of food to preserve it.
Ladies also gave orders to the servants.
lord and lady activities
Banquets were often held. Lord and lady sat at a high table raised on a dais.
Musicians called minstrels entertained from the gallery.
A large open fire as well as tapestries on the wall warmed the room.
what did guests eat and how what did they eat it with
Guests ate with knives (no forks) and a form of stale bread called trenchers as plates. They ate beef, pork, pheasant and cakes made from almond paste.
how long did it take to become a knight
15 years
what age do you become a page
Age 7
what do you learn as a page
Age 7. Went to the castle of a lord for the next 7 years. He would learn good manners, how to read and write and serve at tables at banquets.
what age do you become a squire
14
what do you learn as a squire
: Age 14. He would learn to ride horses and use weapons.
at what age do you become a knight
21, If he was suitable, he was made a knight in a ceremony called a dubbing → spent the night before in a vigil of prayer.
On the day of ceremony, he went to confession and had a haircut. He wore a white tunic (purity), a red robe (blood) and a black jacket (death).
what were the guards that watched for enemies called
Guards called sentries watched for enemies from the top of the town walls.
taxes called —- were charged on —-
Taxes called tolls were charged on goods as they passed through the gates.
what were most buildings and houses made out of
Most medieval houses were built of wood (only the church and other important buildings were made of stone).
what happened at sunset
There was a curfew bell at sunset.
what happens when rubbish was thrown on streets
Rubbish was thrown on streets → contamination→ disease.
could you get a takeaway in a large town
In large towns you could get a take-away like hot thrushes and hot sheep’s foot.
craftsmen
did some bakers and or sellers cheat
Some food sellers cheated. Many added sand to their loaves of bread.
how often were markets and fairs held
Markets were held at least once a week. Fairs were held once or twice a year.
where did craftsmen and traders live + professions in medieval towns
Many craftsmen and traders lived in medieval towns: butchers, bakers, carpenters, masons, fullers.
trades were under control of a () who set rules e.g =
Each trade was under the control of a guild, who set down rules for the trade, e.g. Prices were fixed to stop underselling, workshops had to close on Sundays and feast days.
craftsmen did not work for free, they —- yearly for —-
Craftsmen paid a yearly fee to the guild. This money was used to pay for the care of sick colleagues
in order to be a member of a guild, a young man had to…. first for…. years
In order to be a member of a guild, young men had to serve as an apprentice to a master craftsman. This required up to 7 years of training. A master fed and clothed the apprentice in exchange for hard work and obedience.
after the 7 years of training, an apprentice became a …. which meant he could…
After this training an apprentice became a journeyman. This meant he was free to do a day’s work for pay for anyone. They often travelled town to town working for different masters.
to become a master, the journey man had to produce a…
To become a master the journeyman had to produce a masterpiece to show the guild.
if the masterpiece was good enough?
If the other master craftsmen of the town considered the work to be of an excellent standard than the journeyman could open his own shop, an action reserved for masters only.
who made the laws? + who usually enforced the laws?
During the Middle Ages the king and local lords made the laws.
- In most cases the local community or village enforced the law.
what does hue and cry mean?
Hue and cry meant that if a person saw a crime being committed, they could cry out for help from other people, e.g. the parish constable.
what was a watchman?
At night a watchman was paid to patrol the streets, but no one was meant to be out after curfew
two types of trial they used
They also used trial by ordeal and trial by combat.
where were criminals tried
Criminals were tried in local or manor courts.
what did coroners do
Coroners were appointed to investigate suspicious deaths.
minor crimes were punishable by
Minor crimes were usually dealt with by fines, flogging or public humiliation, e.g. the stocks.
major crimes were punishable by
Major crimes such as murder and treason were punished severely, e.g. execution.
women were pushed for
Women were punished for scolds (gossip), sex work and witchcraft.
Medieval villages and the surrounding lands were called?
Medieval villages and the surrounding lands were called manors.
each manor belonged to a…? Were they as rich as a lord of a castle?
Each manor belonged to a lord. The lord of the manor lived like the lord of a castle, but he was not as rich.
The lord built a manor house or grange from…?
stone.
Lord’s pastimes –
hunting and hawking.
the lord kept the best land for himself, what was this called?
Demesne
2 types of peasants
serf, freeman
serfs belonged to…
Serfs belonged to the lord. They had to get his permission to marry or leave.
serfs had to work for… on the lords…
Serfs had to work for free three days a week on the lords demesne.
serfs system of farming was called…?
open field farming
peasants got how many acres?
Peasants got a one-acre, narrow strip of land.
Crop rotation was practiced, this meant what?
Crop rotation was practiced. One field was left fallow every year.
Seeds were sown by hand, what was this method called?
broadcast method
lands were ploughed with
Land was ploughed using oxen.
Crops were harvested using
a sickle and scythe.
A separate field was kept for grazing animals called the
Commons.
peasants had to pay a tax to the church called…
tithe.
peasants clothes were made from…
Their clothes were made from wool or hemp. Women wore scarves called wimples.
peasants houses were made from
Their houses were made of wattle and daub. They were simple one room cottages with thatched roofs that were shared with the animals
peasants didnt buy food, what did they do?
Peasants ate food that they grew so if their crops failed they had no food
peasants also ate thick soup, what was this called
Peasants ate thick soup – pottage.
peasants could hunt rabbits, why didnt they?
Peasants could hunt rabbits but might be punished by the lord for poaching.
what did everyone drink?
Everyone drank cider, beer and wine. Even children drank beer for breakfast.
were medieval people religious?
very religious
monks lived where
monasteries
nuns lived where
convents
what are some examples of the many religious orders
There were many different religious orders e.g. the Benedictines and the Augustinians.
what did you have to learn when you became a novice?
To become a monk or a nun you first had to become a novice.
You had to learn the Rule of St Benedict and help with work around the monastery or convent.
who decided if you could become a monk/nun
If the abbot or abbess was satisfied with your progress then you could become a monk/nun.
what were the 3 vows monks/nuns took
Poverty
Obedience
Chastity
the life of the monk/nun was organised around what?
The life of the monk and the nun was organised around prayer and work.
what was the name of the people who wandered from place to place helping the sick and poor?
Friars like the Dominicans and Franciscans wandered from place to place preaching and helping the sick and poor.
how much of the percentage of europe did the black death kill? what was it caused by?
The Black Death was caused by fleas that lived on rats and killed 30-60% of Europe’s population.
where did the black death start
asia
what did the victims of the black death look like? what did the corpses look like?
Victims had large ulcers or pustules.
Dead bodies had a grey/black appearance.
what was the average life expectancy during the medieval times?
35
what are some examples of medieval executions?
Medieval executions included beheading and impalement
what are some of the other ways you could die in medieval times?
Dying in battle like Richard III
Poor treatment from a barber surgeon
Jousting e.g. King Henry II of France
The Crusades
what was medieval painting like
What was Medieval painting like?
Flat
Religious in theme
Gold background
Anatomically incorrect
another change that took place during the renaissance?
Another change that took place in the arts during the Renaissance is that the status of artist increased. Artists were seen as more than just craftsmen.
What changes took place in Renaissance painting?
Oil paints replaced egg tempera, e.g., Virgin of the Rocks by da Vinci.
Paintings were done on canvas, wooden panels and walls.
Perspective and sfumato (smokiness/blurring) were used, e.g. The Mona Lisa by da Vinci.
Frescoes (painting on wet plaster) were used, e.g. the Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo.
Painters like da Vinci were more experimental e.g. da Vinci’s Last Supper was painted with an oil/tempera mix on dry plaster and began to peel off the wall soon after completion.
how many paintings, sculptures and architecture did da vinci do?
15-25 paintings, 0 paintings, 0 structures
how many paintings, sculptures and architecture did Michelangelo do?
9 paintings
42 sculptures
5 structures
where was michelangelo born and when
He was born in Florence in 1475.
what did michelangelo do in 1488
1488 – Became an apprentice to Ghirlandaio.
michelangelo attented which school
Attended Lorenzo de Medici’s school
what did michelangelo do in 1489-99
1489-99 – Went to Rome. Created the Pieta.
what did michelangelo do in 1504
1504 – Created David in Florence.
what did michelangelo do from 1504-9
1504-9 – Julius II asked Leonardo to paint the Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
how many sonnets did michelangelo write
Wrote over 300 sonnets.
did michelangelo Design the dome of Saint Peter’s in Rome?
yes, he designed the dome of Saint Peter’s in Rome.
what did michelangelo do in 1536-1541
1536- 1541 – Painted a fresco called The Last Judgement.
when did michelangelo die
1564 – Died, February 18th
what did copernicus conclude about the sun?
Copernicus concluded that the sun was the centre of the universe and that the Earth revolved around it.
what did kepler say about the sun?
Kepler said that the sun was the centre of the universe and that the planets moved around it in an oval orbit.
Galileo’s achievements
- Galileo:
a) Built an improved telescope.
b) Proved Copernicus’s theory.
c) He proved the Law of Falling Bodies (objects regardless of weight fall to the
ground at the same rate).
d) He said science must be based on evidence and results (scientific method).
e) Proved that long and short swings of a pendulum took the same time
what was medieval sculpture like?
- Religious in theme 2. Unrealistic proportions
What changes took place in Renaissance sculpture?
Sculptures were free standing e.g., Donatello’s David.
Sculptures were nude e.g., Michelangelo’s David.
Sculptures were realistic due to the study of anatomy e.g., Michelangelo’s Pieta.
There was a lot of debate between artists such as da Vinci and Michelangelo over whether painting or sculpture was the most superior art form.
Sculptures had religious and secular (non-religious) subject matter e.g., Michelangelo’s Bacchus.
what was medieval architecture like?
Arches were pointed. 2. Rose windows were used. 3. Flying buttresses were used to support the height of buildings. 4. Stained glass windows were used. 5. Tall spires
What changes took place in Renaissance architecture?
- Artists looked back to the ruins of Ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration. This means Renaissance architecture was classically inspired. 2. Windows and arches were rounded. 3. Pediments were used. 4. Domes were used e.g., the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica. 5. Classical pillars and plasters were used e.g., the Tempietto.
What technological changes occurred in the Renaissance?
- Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1450. 2. The Bible was the first book printed. 3. The printing press led to a spread of ideas e.g., the Reformation. 4. Literacy spread due to the increased availability of books and the publication of books in vernacular (everyday) languages e.g. Shakespeare was a vernacular writer.
