Science Flashcards
1
Q
Arranging or Groupings
A
Compositional
2
Q
The outer layer of the Earth.
A
The Crust
3
Q
It is a very thin layer of solid rock. It is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
A
The Crust
4
Q
Covers about 0.8% of Earth’s Volume
A
The Crust
5
Q
How much of the earth’s volume does the Crust cover?
A
Covers about 0.8% of Earth’s Volume
6
Q
Made up of both continental and oceanic, The continental crust is 8-km thick beneath the land and 32km thick beneath the oceans.
A
The Crust
7
Q
abundant in oceanic crust. (Its younger or newer) Mostly Basalt (Basaltic rock)
A
(SiMa)
8
Q
SiMa means?
A
Silicate Magnesium
9
Q
is abundant in continental crust.Mostly Granite (Granatic rock)
A
SiAl
10
Q
SiAl means?
A
Silicate Aluminium
11
Q
is composed of the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The rock in this layer is stronger and more rigid.
A
The Lithosphere
12
Q
Lithosphere is divided into several segment called
A
Tectonic Plate
13
Q
is the part of the mantle underneath the lithosphere.
A
Asthenosphere
14
Q
The asthenosphere, from the Greek word ______ meaning “______”.
A
asthenes meaning weak
15
Q
It is made of molten rock and metal so that it “flows” like hot asphalt.
A
Asthenosphere
16
Q
is the part of the mantle that moves and causes the tectonic plates of the crust to move as well.
A
Asthenosphere
17
Q
Discovered by Andrija Mohorovicic, 1909
A
The Mantle
18
Q
Who Discovered the Mantle?
A
Andrija Mohorovicic, 1909
19
Q
is responsible for many geological activities
A
Mantle
20
Q
is the largest layer of the Earth. It is 2900km thick.
A
The Mantle
21
Q
How thick is the Mantle?
A
2900km thick.
22
Q
It includes the lithosphere and asthenosphere.
A
The Mantle
23
Q
It is made of partially molten mixture/ minerals of silicate minerals and cover 84% of the Earths volume.
A
The Mantle
24
Q
It is very hot 1600°F at the top and 4000°F towards the center of the Earth.
A
The Mantle
25
is like a ball of very hot metals. And it is responsible for the generation of Earths magnetic field.
The Core
26
The core is divided into 2 layers, which are?
Outer and Inner core
27
Discovered by Inge Lemann 1936.
The Inner Core
28
Who discovered the Inner Core?
Inge Lemann 1936
29
It is composed of iron and nickel. It is responsible for the magnetic field of the Earth generates.
The Inner Core
30
is solid iron in a center of the Earth. And has a radius of about 1216 km.
The Inner Core
31
Where the information from the inner core came from?
Seismic Wave
32
Discovered by Beno Gutenberg, 1913
The Outer Core
33
Who discovered the Outer Core?
Beno Gutenberg 1913
34
The outer core is ______ thick.
2,250km thick
35
Is Cause by the movement of molten iron in the outer core.
The Earth's magnetic field
36
is liquid metal consist of mainly iron and nickel with 10% uranium and oxygen.
The Outer Core
37
People who study Earth’s nature, behavior, and history.
Geologist
38
is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Continental Drift
39
Made the World Map
Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598)
40
German naturalist
Alexander Von Humboldt (1769-1859)
41
French scientist
Antonio Snider-Pellegrini (1802-1885)
42
American scientist
Frank Taylor (1860-1938)
43
The theory of continental drift is most associated with the scientist
Alfred Lothar Wegener
44
In the early 20th century, _________ published a paper explaining his theory that the continental landmasses were “drifting” across the Earth, sometimes plowing through oceans and into each other.
Alfred Lothar Wegener
45
proposed the idea of the drifting continents in his book The Origin of the Continents and Oceans in 1912 that the jigsaw fit of the continents have started to gain ground in the scientific community.
Alfred Lothar Wegener
46
The _________ in 1912 that the jigsaw fit of the continents have started to gain ground in the scientific community.
Origin of the Continents and Oceans
47
a Greek word that means "all lands."
Pangaea
48
According to Wegener, a single, huge landmass or supercontinent once existed in the distant past. He called this supercontinent
Pangaea
49
an extinct group of aquatic reptiles that had lived thousands of million years ago, have been found only in South Africa and eastern South America.
Mesosaurus
50
two extinct groups of ancient mammal-like reptiles, have been found only in several continents..
Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus
51
an extinct group of seed ferns, have been found only in Australia, India, South America, and South Africa.
Glossopteris
52
had large seeds; thus, it would have been impossible for the seeds to be carried away by the wind at considerable distances across Earth.
Glossopteris
53
is a modern technique that uses sound waves to detect and track underwater vessels, fish, and other objects under the ocean.
Sonar Technology
54
uses sound waves to 'see' in the water.
Sonar
55
Sonar, short for?
Sound Navigation and Ranging
56
is helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean because sound waves travel farther in the water than do radar and light waves.
Sonar
57
is helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean because sound waves travel farther in the water than do radar and light waves.
Harry Hammond Hess (1906-1969)
58
According to ______ the magma that rises from the mantle intrudes and fills the gap between two diverging plates. The magma then readily cools and solidifies upon contact to cold ocean water.
Harry Hammond Hess (1906-1969)
59
A geologic process in which one edge of one lithospheric plate is forced below the edge of another.
Subduction
60
This means that Earth's magnetic north pole switches positions with its magnetic south pole.
geomagnetic reversal
61
is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements.
Plate tectonics
62
This interaction of _________ is responsible for many different geological formations.
Tectonic plates
63
are active regions on Earth where tectonic plates interact.
Plate boundaries
64
Regions on Earth where two tectonic plate are moving away from each other.
Divergent Plate Boundaries
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Regions on earth where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other. (destructive plate margins)
Convergent Plate Boundaries
66
Convergent boundaries are categorized into three types:
1. oceanic-continental 2. oceanic-oceanic 3. continental-continental
67
Forming a deep ocean trench)
Oceanic-continental
68
Forming an island arc
Oceanic-oceanic
69
is characterized by high mountain building.
Continental-Continental
70
Regions on earth where two plates are sliding alongside each other. (Conservative plate margins)
Transform Plate Boundaries
71
are violent shakings of the Earth's surface that are caused by the sudden release of stored energy in rocks.
Earthquakes
72
is the point from which an earthquake originates
Focus
73
is the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus.
Epicenter
74
the Pacific Ring of Fire, a path along the Pacific Ocean that contains about __________
75% of the Earth's volcanoes and where approximately 90% of the Earth's earthquakes occur.
75
is a series of large ocean waves that forms when a sudden vertical crustal movement in the ocean floor displaces a huge volume of overlying water.
Tsunami
76
The time interval for tsunami to start is ______ minutes.
20-40
77
is a process of heat transfer by which dense materials sink and less dense materials rise.
Convection
78
is the pulling force exerted by a cold, dense oceanic plate plunging into the mantle due to its own weight.
Slab pull
79
is caused by gravitational force, and it exists because the ridge occurs at a higher elevation than the rest of the ocean floor.
Ridge push
80
is an area within the mantle where rocks melt because of the intense heat that is coming from an underlying mantle plume.
Hotspot
81
is a cylindrical column of magma that originates deep within the mantle.
Mantle Plume
82
is a radio navigation system that uses satellite signals to allow users to track their exact location anywhere on Earth.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
83
is a method of locating the absolute position of a specific point by measuring distances using geometric spheres.
Trilateration
84
are distinctive for their extremely rapid onset and tend to have impact covering large areas.
Geologic Process
85
is an extreme natural events in the crust of the earth that pose a treat to life and property.
geologic hazard
86
is a planar fracture between two massive blocks of rock.
fault
87
Faults range from micrometers to thousands of kilometers long and approximately _)____ deep.
10 km
88
is the planar flat surface of a fault across which a slip occur. The orientation of the plane may be vertical or inclined.
Fault plane
89
The blocked located above an inclined fault plane is called a
Hanging wall
90
The blocked located above an inclined fault plane is called a hanging wall. Whereas the block located below it is called a
Footwall
91
is the surface of a fault fracture along which the rocks have been displaced.
fault line
92
looks like a step on Earth’s surface that is caused by a slip on the fault.
fault scarf
93
form because of horizontal compressional stress, which squeezes or forces rocks together.
Strike-slip faults
94
This process usually occurs along transform plate boundaries,
Strike-slip faults
95
occur because of tensional stress, which forces rocks apart
Normal faults
96
This process usually occurs along divergent plate boundaries
Normal faults
97
form as a result of horizontal compressional stress.
Reverse faults or thrust faults
98
They are also associated with convergent plate boundaries.
Reverse faults or thrust faults
99
A fault is considered ______ if it has moved repeatedly in the past and is likely to move again.
active
100
fault is considered _______ if it has shown no signs of moving and generating earthquakes for the last hundreds of millions of years.
inactive
101
other term for focus
(plural foci) or hypocenter
102
originate at depths of less than 70 km below Earth's surface.
Shallow focus earthquakes
103
on the other hand, originate between 70 km - 300 km beneath Earth's surface.
Intermediate focus earthquakes
104
About 80% of earthquakes recorded worldwide are said to be
Shallow focus earthquakes
105
About 12% of earthquakes recorded worldwide are classified as this type.
Intermediate focus earthquakes
106
Earthquakes that originate between 300 km - 700 km below Earth's surface are classified as
deep-focus earthquakes.
107
About 3% of all earthquakes recorded worldwide
deep-focus earthquakes.
108
The epicenter of an earthquake can be located using the ___________, which requires studying data from at least three seismograph stations.
triangulation method
109
The Top Ten Provinces that are risk to earthquakes are:
1. Surigao Del Sur
2. La Union
3. Benguet
4. Pangasinan
5. Pampanga
6. Tarlac
7. Ifugao
8. Davao Oriental
9. Nueva Viscaya
10. Nueva Ecija
110
is the measure of the extent of damage that is cause to Earth’s surface, including to infrastructure and life.
Intensity
111
PHIVOLCS meaning
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
112
Perceptible to people only under favorable circumstances
Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly
Still water in containers oscillate slowly
Intensity I: Earthquake – Scarcely Perceptible
113
Felt by few individuals at rest indoors
Hanging objects swing slightly
- Still water in containers oscillates noticeably
Intensity II: Earthquake – Slightly Felt
114
Felt by many people indoors especially in upper floors of buildings
Vibration is felt like the passing of a light truck
Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some people
Hanging object swing moderately
Still water in container oscillate moderately
Intensity III: Earthquake - Weak
115
Felt generally by people indoors and by some
people outdoors
Vibration is felt like the passing of a heavy truck
Hanging objects swing considerably
Dinner plates, glasses, windows, and doors rattle
Standing motor cars may rock slightly
Water in containers oscillate strongly
Rumbling sound may sometimes be heard
Intensity IV: Earthquake – Moderately Strong
116
Generally felt by most people indoors and outdoors
Many sleeping people are awakened
Strong shaking and rocking felt throughout any building
Hanging objects swing violently
Dining utensils clatter and clink .
Some are broken Small, light, unstable objects may fall or overturn
Intensity V: Earthquake - Strong
117
Many people are frightened many run outdoors
Some people lose their balance
Motorists feel like driving with flat tires
Heavy objects or furniture move or may be shifted Small church bells may ring
Limited rock falls and rolling boulders occur in hilly to mountainous areas and escarpments
Intensity VI: Earthquake – Very Strong
118
People find it difficult to stand in upper floors
Heavy objects and furniture overturn
Big church bells may ring
Old or poorly built structures suffer considerable damage
lateral spreading and landslides are observed
Trees are shaken strongly
Intensity VII: Earthquake – Destructive
119
Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged
Concrete dikes and foundation of bridges are destroyed by ground settling or toppling
Railway tracks are bent or broken
Water and sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken
Numerous landslides and rockfails occur in mountainous and hilly areas
Intensity VIII: Earthquake – Very Destructive
120
People are Forcibly thrown to the ground
Many Buildings are totally damaged
Numerous utility posts, towers, and monument are tilted or broken
Intensity IX: Earthquake – Devastating
121
Practically all man-made structures are destroyed
Massive landslides and liquefaction Large-scale subsidence and uplifting of landforms
Changes in river courses and destructive in large lakes occur
Many trees are toppled, broken and uprooted
Intensity X: Earthquake – Completely Devastating
122
A pre-arranged signals such as siren/ bell. Siren and bell indicates earthquake / shaking of the ground.
Phase 1 – Alarm
123
While the siren and bell ongoing everyone should move away from windows, glass or light fixture. In this phase everyone should perform the “Duck, Cover and Hold” under desk, table or chairs.
Phase 2- Response
124
once the shaking stops, teacher and students should evacuate the school building and proceed to identified evacuation area.
Phase 3- Evacuation
125
At the designated evacuation area, students must be group according to the class where they belong
Phase 4- Assemble
126
Teachers should check and make sure all students are accounted for.
Phase 5- Head Counts
127
An evaluation of the drill must be conducted to identify problems encounted during the drill.
Phase 6- Evaluation
128
is the measurement of the amount of energy released in rocks during an earthquake.
Magnitude
129
an American seismologist and physicist, devised an instrument to help measure and describe the magnitude.
Charles F. Richter
130
Charles F. Richter an American seismologist and physicist, devised an instrument to help measure and describe the magnitude. This instrument is known as the _____________, which is based on the amplitude of seismic waves.
Richter magnitude scale
131
Tsunami have an average speed of ________________
200 km/h but can be as much as 900 km/h.
132
Are waves of energy that are released in all directions from its source during an earthquake.
Seismic waves, also known as earth- quake waves
133
There are two types of seismic waves:
body waves and surface waves.
134
travel through Earth's interior,
Body waves
135
travel across Earth's surface.
Surface waves
136
is group of stations that work together to collect and analyze seismic data.
seismographic network
137
This technology helps authorities to respond quickly to emergencies during an earthquake.
seismographic network
138
Through this _______________, remote seismographs send information to a central computer, which determines the earthquake's epicenter and magnitude. Within minutes.
seismographic network
139
is the recording of the ground shaking at the specific location of the instrument.
seismogram
140
They use seismograms to determine the magnitude of an earthquake.
Geologists
141
an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration.
Seismograph
142
Emergency agencies such as the Philippines's National Disaster Coordinating Council rely on radio technology to protect rescue workers from dangerous earthquakes or aftershocks. Aftershocks are small earthquakes that usually occur after the mainshock or the largest earthquake in a seismic event.
Radio technology.
143
These areas, called _________ are where stress builds up.
seismic gaps
144
In response to the Occurrence of devastating tsunamis, a tsunami warning system was established to monitor seismic and tidal stations throughout the Pacific Ocean.
Tsunami warning system.
145
An earthquake prediction must correctly determine three factors:
the location of the earthquake, the time of its occurrence, and its magnitude.
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