Science Flashcards
What cells are antigen processing and activate T-cells
Dendritic cells
Photosynthesis occurs in what cells
bacteria, certain protists and plants
Oxidative respiration occurs in
only aerobes
What makes a phospholipid non-polar
carbon-hydrogen chains
ADH is produced and stored where
produced in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland
What regulates heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure (vital functions)
medulla oblongata
Function of the pons
transport information between cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla
midbrain function
visual and auditory data
Gametogenesis is stimulated by what hormone
FSH
Average length of urethra
1-1.5in
capacity of bladder
500-600mL
Blood pH is measured by the gain and loss of
hydrogen ions
collagen formation occurs where in the skin
dermis
what is associated with cardiac arrhythmia
potassium
glottis vs epiglottis
glottis is part of larynx and produces sound. epiglottis is flap and prevents from from entering larynx
Where does heart beat originate from
SA node (pacemaker)
What is the result of meiosis
sperm and ova
Ileum absorption includes
vitamins, bile salts, iron
function of liver
lipid metabolism
antibody of allergen
IgE
what is found in mucous lining
IgA, protects against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
What type of immunity is provided by neutrophils
innate
Parts of stomach in order
fundus, cardiac, body, pylorus
descriptive study
looks at and analyzes a population’s characteristics or compares aspects across multiple populations
Empirical data
data obtained based on observations
What secretes LH and FSH
anterior part of pituitary gland
What stimulates sex hormone production in both males and females
LH and FSH
Polygenic Inheritance
more than one gene contribute to a trait (height, skin color, eye color)
Codominance
Both alleles expressed in heterozygous not just the dominant trait (blood type, cows with spots)
Gene linkage
2 genes near each other on chromosome are usually inherited together
law of dominance and uniformity
when two different alleles are present in a pair the dominant one will be expressed
law of segregation
an organism receives half of its total number of alleles from each parent
law of independent assortment
traits are passed on randomly and are not influenced by other traits
chemiosmosis
synthesis of ATP
bacterial growth phases
lag, log, stationary, death phases
Ectoparasite vs helminth parasites
ectoparasites live outside host helminth parasites live inside the host
senescene
biological aging
incomplete dominance
when both the dominant and recessive genes are expressed resulting in a mixture of the two
locus
location of a gene or alleles
Electrolysis
reaction driven by electricity
What keeps the temperature in an organism
water
What state of matter is compressible
gas
What hormone is secreted by early embryo following implantation in uterus
human chorionic gonadtropin (hCG) which stimulates estrogen and progesterone production
Gonadtropin releasing hormone (gnRH) stimulates production of
FSH and LH
Hormones in posterior pituitary
oxytocin and ADH
2 functions of somatostatin or growth hormone IH and where produced
produced in hypothalamus and in the pancreas it inhibits growth hormone production in pituitary and inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
Hormones in adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine (flight or flight response) increase heart rate and raise blood sugar
Where is aldosterone released and function
adrenal cortex and when BP is low this is produced it increases retention of Na and excretion of K+, targets kidney
function of renin
Renin is an enzyme secreted by kidneys when BP is low and interacts with angiotensinogen producing g angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
this kidney hormone raises BP by promoting vasoconstriction and stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
Hormones secreted by kidney
erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, renin and calcitriol
Calcitriol vs Calcitonin
calcitriol is produced in kidneys and increases calcium reabsorption while calcitonin is produced in thyroid and lowers blood calcium
Where are prolactin and oxytocin produced
oxytocin-hypothalamus prolactin- anterior pituitary gland
Where are blood cells produced
red bone marrow
Where do lymphocytes and other WBCs proliferate
lymph nodes
Adaptive immune system cells
T-cells, B-cells, Plasma cells
Innate immune system cells
Neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells
cytotoxic t-cells
specialized to kill infected or abnormal cells
memory t-cells
respond to subsequent infections
helper t-cells
secrete cytokines that stimulate division b cells and T cells while alerting other types of WBCs
regulatory (suppressor) T cells
inhibit t and B cells to stop the immune response
what cells produce antibodies
plasma cells and memory B cells (only during subsequent infection)
neutrophils vs eosinophils
Neutrophils make up most of wbc count in blood first to arrive at site of infection and chase pathogens using chemotaxis. Eosinophils regulate inflammatory responses and release chemical that kill foreign invaders usually parasitic worms.
What cells release histamine and promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit clotting
basophils(circulate in blood before entering tissues) and mast cells (in connective tissues)
natural killer cells
NOT phagocytes: destroy cells that have been infected with a pathogen by binding to them and releasing granzymes that trigger apoptosis
How are salts made
they are a product of a neutralization reaction. Made from a cation of base and an anion from an acid
Where is secretin produced and function
Produced in small intestine (duodenum) and it targets the pancreas and liver stimulates release of bicarbonate fluid neutralizing stomach acid
Gastrin production/function
produced in stomach stimulates release of HCl and gastric juices
CCK production/function
Produced in small intestine (duodenum) and it targets the pancreas and liver stimulates release of digestive enzymes and bile
In oxidation reaction oxidizing agent (loses/gains) electrons while reducing agent (loses gains) electrons
gains, loses
Do acids and bases donate or accept protons
acid donates, base receives
What happens when an acid reacts with zinc
hydrogen gas
proprioreceptors
body position
Enteroendocrine cells
produce gastrin needed to release gastric juices and empty stomach
Slow-twitch muscles take/remove o2 from blood for blank
take for ATP production
functions of spleen
degrades aged RBCs and filters blood, houses abc and platelets
elements in columns vs row
column-have similar chemical properties
rows-similar electron valence configurations
Chief cells
release pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Parietal
release intrinsic factor for b12 absorption and HCl to lower gastric juice pH
G cells
release gastrin into blood
Mucous cells
release bicarbonate
Properties of water
high cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and density upon melting, low freezing/melting point
decibel scale
measures sound waves
combination of alleles when expressed
phenotype
blood pH is affected by
CO2 exhalation lowering H+ ions increase pH (occurs in hyperventilation)
nephron secretion ammonia NH3
traps H+ ions and converts them to ammonium ions NH4
DNA and RNA are read
DNA: 3’-5’ RNA: 5’-3’
Nitrogenous pairs
UA, GC, AT
What hormone rises during luteal phase
progesterone to maintain uterine lining
Sperm and ova are viable for how much time in female reproductive system
5 days for sperm 12 hours for ovum released from ovary
Visual processing begins in
retina and ends in optic nerve
ionization energy
energy need to remove valence electron
Renal pelvis acts as funnel by
delivering urine from collecting tubules to ureters
germ cell vs gamete
germ cell- 46 chromosomes gamete-23 chromosomes
Formula for stock solution
Vs= Md(Vd)/Ms
germline mutation vs somatic mutation
germline are inherited while somatic only affect individual
The genotype will always show an organisms
recessive alleles
humeral immunity
mediated by antibodies produced from B cells
Types of proteins
fibrous or structural(keratin, elastin, collagen), membrane, and globular (enzymes, hemoglobin, and insulin)
Outer layer of Uterus
Serosa or perimetric
Where is melanin produced
Iris, skin, hair. NOT nails
Correlation CANNOT show
cause and effect relationship
What converts ammonia to urea
liver
Primary protein structure
sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
Secondary protein structure
local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone
Tertiary protein structure
three-dimensional folding structure of a polypeptide due to side chain reactions
Quaternary protein structure
consist of more than one amino acid chain
Another name for uterine lining
endometrium
Bonds formed between sugars
glycosidic bonds (covalent bond)
Cytokines
small proteins, messengers of immune system
Chemokines
type of cytokines that assist in movement of leukocytes
Property of weak acids regarding proton donation
does not donate all its protons
what is released when stomach is empty
grehlin
start codon
AUG
Stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
Center of aggression produces feeling of anger, violence, and fear
Amygdala
Genes code for….
proteins
codons code for…
amino acids
basophils main function
blood clotting and engulf and consume antigens
neutrophils function
engulf pathogens
B cells can differentiate into
plasma cells
