Cardiovascular System Flashcards
walls of the heart
epicardium (also the visceral pericardium), myocardium, endocardium
Parts of the pericardium and function
fibrous pericardium (outside) prevents heart from over filling made of dense connective tissue and anchors hear to surrounding structures
serous pericardium/ membrane- simple squamous epithelium, cells secrete serous fluid, formed by parietal(touches fibrous pericardium) and visceral layer(epicardium) touches heart
between parietal and visceral layer is pericardial cavity with pericardial cavity with pericardial fluid
What is the function of auricles
increase the capacity of each atrium and amount of blood each can contain on anterior side
coronary sulcus vs. interatrial groovs
sulcus-seperates atria and the ventricles
anterior inter ventricular sulcus vs posterior ventricular sulcus
both separate the ventricles
Blood vessels running on coronary sulcus are called _______ ______ that supply the ______ with blood. They are the first ______ to branch off of the ______ hence the ______ is the first organ to receive oxygenated blood and nutrients.
coronary arteries, heart
arteries, aorta, heart
Left vs right coronary artery (where do they go after the coronary sulcus and where do they supply blood, any branches?)
Right travels right of sulcus and goes to posterior of heart between ventricles so it is called posterior inter ventricular branch of RCA and supplies blood to RA/ RV as well as conduction system of heart
LCA passes behind pulmonary trunk and splits into 2 one goes between ventricles in anterior called anterior interventricular branch of LCA and other branch keeps going left of sulcus and is called circumflex branch of LCA. The LCA supplies blood to LA/ LV.
After heart muscle cells use O2 and nutrients in blood it goes where
coronary veins
Great vs Middle vs Small cardiac veins
great- anterior, separate the ventricles, runs parallel to LCA
Middle-posterior, parallel to posterior interventricular branch of RCA
small- parallel to RCA
ALL 3 VEINS DUMP BLOOD INTO CORONARY SINUS THAT CONNECTS TO RA
Arterial anastomosis
connecting or reconnecting arteries to improve circulation
pectinate muscles are found…. and they …..
found in RA, right/left auricles
squeeze out Max blood to ventricle
What holds valves in place, what are they made of, what are they connected to
chordae tendinae, fibrous connective tissue, papillary muscle
Helps squeeze max blood out of ventricles
trabecular carnae
Only in RV, prevents over expansion due to thin wall
moderator band
What causes heart murmer
valves not completely closing
LUB VS DUB
CLOSE AV VALVES
CLOSE SEMILUNAR VALVES
Describe conduction system
1) SA node depolarizes spontaneously
2) depolarization spreads and reach AV node
3)AV node delays in spread of electrical activity, Atrial contraction begins
4) impulses travel along bundle of HIS with septum to apex, impulse spread to papillary muscles of RV by moderator band
5) impulse is distributed by purkinje fibers and sent to ventricle myocardium —-> ventricle contraction
What is the most abundant blood vessel
capillaries
Layers of blood vessel
intima- most interior, single squamous epithelium
media- smooth muscle layer, both veins and arteries have
adventitia or externa- dense fibrous tissue that helps hold blood vessels to surrounding tissues
vasa vasorum
walls of bigger veins and arteries need their own blood supply because they are so big therefore they have smaller blood vessels to supply them with oxygen and nutrients
Arteries vs vein
arteries have thicker walls
lumen of vein is wider
tunica media in artery is much thicker= more pressure
arteries have elastic fibers in tunica media
veins hold more blood
Internal vs external elastic membranes +function
internal is between intimacy and media
external is between media and adventitia
both membranes of networks of elastic fibers to give more elasticity to artery to sustain high pressure
Elastic arteries function+examples
largest arteries, sustain most pressure, most amount of elastic fibers, have internal/elastic membranes
ex. brachiocephalic trunk, LCA, aorta, Left subclavian artery
Muscular arteries functions and examples
lots of smooth muscle, can change diameter, can control bp flow, branch into arterioles
ex. femoral artery, radial artery, ulnar artery
Arterioles functions + examples
thinnest arteries, thin walls, some smooth muscle giving them some control of bp/flow, control blood flow to capillaries
capillaries characteristics
smallest blood vessel, simple squamous, tight junctions, desmosomes, as wide as roc, have basement lamina surrounding them, only bv to have gas, nutrient, waste exchange
capillary bed
network of capillaries begin at arteriole end at venue end
Where all capillary branches emerge from in capillary bed, walls of smooth muscle, a metarteriole(only found in mesenteric circulation)
thoroughfare channel
Rings of smooth muscle on sides of thoroughfare channels that help regulate blood flow through capillary bed
pre capillary sphincters
when more than one artery supply blood to one area. when they fuse and form a capillary bed this is called
collateral arteries, arterial anastomosis, if one get blocked the other can supply blood to capillary bed (how body ensures constant blood supply to certain organs)
Types of capillaries
continuous- most common, simple squamous, held together by tight junctions
fernestrated capillaries- has small pores that allow rapid movement of flood and proteins that need to be exchanges (cells cannot cross over) places w/filtration of blood ex.kidneys
BOTH ABOVE HAVE CONTINUOUS BASEMENT LAMINA
sinusoid- least abundant, large gaps, blood vessels can leave/enter bloodstream through them (ex. red bone marrow, liver, spleen) discontinuous basement lamina
veins with valves what are they
correspond the vein types that run parallel to other artery types
medium size veins have vvalves(folds of tunica intima)
medium sized veins travel with muscular arteries
large veins—-> elastic arteries
venules are the smallest veins
Describe the pumps that help blood flow towards heart and their mechanisms
skeletal muscle pump- skeletal muscles was as pumps to pump blood to heart
respiratory pump- relies on pressure change in thorax, when inhaling pressure decreases in cavity and the pressure increases in rest of body this pushes blood in vein to heart
Describe the flow of blood away from the heart starting at the aortic valve to the bladder, walls of pelvis, external genitalia and to lower limbs
Aortic valve ——> ascending aorta——>aortic arch——>descending aorta——>thoracic aorta——>aortic hiatus in diaphragm——>abdominal aorta—-> splits into the left/right common iliac arteries——> splits into external/internal iliac arteries
internal iliac artery supplies blood to the bladder, walls of pelvis, external genitalia
external iliac artery supplies blood to the lower limbs
Describe the flow of blood away from the heart starting at the external iliac artery throughout the rest of body
external iliac artery——>femoral artery——> deep femoral artery
femoral and deep femoral artery supply blood to thigh region
femoral artery——> adductor hiatus (between adductor Magnus and femur)——>popliteal artery——>popliteal fossa——>splits into two pathways
——>posterior tibial artery——>fibular artery——>plantar arteries
——>anterior tibial artery——>dorsalis pedis
anterior/posterior tibial arteries and fibular artery=blood to legs
Describe flow from legs to heart superficial and deep
(superficial)great saphenous vein——>femoral vein
dorsal and plantar venous arches ——>Anterior tibial and fibular veins drain into posterior tibial——>popliteal ——>femoral vein
femoral vein——>border of pelvic girdle (inguinal ligament)——>external iliac vein——>merges with internal iliac vein to form——>common iliac vein——>inferior vena cava——>RA
arteries with highest blood pressure in body
aorta and coronary arteries
Describe blood flow from aortic arch to upper limbs
aortic arch——> R/L subclavian arteries——>axillary artery ——>brachial artery——>deep brachial artery(posterior arm)——>splits into radial and ulnar arteries——>merge and go into palmar arches in hands
Flow of deep veins in upper limbs (hands) to the heart
palmar venous arches ——>split into radial and ulnar veins——>merge into brachial vein——>axillary vein——>subclavian vein——>right/left brachiocephalic veins——>superior vena cava——>RA
Flow of superficial veins of hand to heart
cephalic(back of hand) and basilic vein(front of hand) merge——>median cubital vein——>back to basilica and cephalic veins, they merge again ——>axillary vein——>subclavian vein ——>right/left brachiocephalic veins——>superior vena cava——>RA
Carotid body vs carotid sinus (location, contain)
At base of internal carotid artery is carotid sinus which contains baroreceptors that measure BP
Before the common carotid diverges into internal and external carotid is the carotid body with chemoreceptors that are sensitive to chemical changes
Pathway of oxygenated blood to brain from aortic arch
aortic arch——> left subclavian artery ——>vertebral artery——>transverse foramen——>foramen magnum——> diverges into right/left vertebral artery which merge into ——>basilar artery
2 passageways for o2 blood to reach brain
internal carotid arteries and basilar artery, deliver blood to cerebral arterial circle
this is collateral circulation
what vein drains out all blood of brain from sinuses.
vein that drains blood from exterior skull and face
internal jugular vein
external jugular vein
all deoxygenated blood from head and arms ends up in
right/left brachiocephalic drinks which get together to form the superior vena cava——>RA
describe the flow of blood from aortic arch to the liver
aortic arch
——>bronchial arteries (lungs)
——>esophageal artery (esophagus)
——>superior phrenic artery (diaphragm)
——>intercostal arteries(intercostal muscles)
——>aortic hiatus——>abdominal aorta
——>inferior mesenteric (large intestine, rectum)
——>gonadal artery
——>renal artery (kidney)
——>superior mesenteric artery(all intestines except terminal portion of LA and rectum)
-
—–>celiac trunk
——>splenic
——>left gastric artery
——>common hepatic ——>hepatic artery proper(liver)——>right/left hepatic arteries
right goes to cystic artery(gallbladder)
Blood flow leaving from trunk, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric——>
all go into the splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and the inferior mesenteric veins which merge into the hepatic portal vein——>liver——>hepatic vein——>inferior vena cava
what veins drain into the inferior vena cava
right and left renal veins
right gonadal vein
left gonadal vein——>left renal vein——>inferior vena cava
inferior vena cava crosses the diaphragm through the venal canal foramen——>RA
Describe azygos vein
parallel to inferior vena cava
drains venous blood in lumbar veins——>aortic hiatus(same hole as aorta) ——>thoracic cavity——>superior vena cava
important to collateral circulation of inferior and superior vena cava
blood of left side of body vs. blood of right side of body
left= oxygenated blood
right=deoxygenated blood
