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Anatomy/Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

walls of the heart

A

epicardium (also the visceral pericardium), myocardium, endocardium

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2
Q

Parts of the pericardium and function

A

fibrous pericardium (outside) prevents heart from over filling made of dense connective tissue and anchors hear to surrounding structures

serous pericardium/ membrane- simple squamous epithelium, cells secrete serous fluid, formed by parietal(touches fibrous pericardium) and visceral layer(epicardium) touches heart
between parietal and visceral layer is pericardial cavity with pericardial cavity with pericardial fluid

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3
Q

What is the function of auricles

A

increase the capacity of each atrium and amount of blood each can contain on anterior side

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4
Q

coronary sulcus vs. interatrial groovs

A

sulcus-seperates atria and the ventricles

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5
Q

anterior inter ventricular sulcus vs posterior ventricular sulcus

A

both separate the ventricles

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6
Q

Blood vessels running on coronary sulcus are called _______ ______ that supply the ______ with blood. They are the first ______ to branch off of the ______ hence the ______ is the first organ to receive oxygenated blood and nutrients.

A

coronary arteries, heart
arteries, aorta, heart

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7
Q

Left vs right coronary artery (where do they go after the coronary sulcus and where do they supply blood, any branches?)

A

Right travels right of sulcus and goes to posterior of heart between ventricles so it is called posterior inter ventricular branch of RCA and supplies blood to RA/ RV as well as conduction system of heart

LCA passes behind pulmonary trunk and splits into 2 one goes between ventricles in anterior called anterior interventricular branch of LCA and other branch keeps going left of sulcus and is called circumflex branch of LCA. The LCA supplies blood to LA/ LV.

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8
Q

After heart muscle cells use O2 and nutrients in blood it goes where

A

coronary veins

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9
Q

Great vs Middle vs Small cardiac veins

A

great- anterior, separate the ventricles, runs parallel to LCA
Middle-posterior, parallel to posterior interventricular branch of RCA
small- parallel to RCA
ALL 3 VEINS DUMP BLOOD INTO CORONARY SINUS THAT CONNECTS TO RA

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10
Q

Arterial anastomosis

A

connecting or reconnecting arteries to improve circulation

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11
Q

pectinate muscles are found…. and they …..

A

found in RA, right/left auricles
squeeze out Max blood to ventricle

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12
Q

What holds valves in place, what are they made of, what are they connected to

A

chordae tendinae, fibrous connective tissue, papillary muscle

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13
Q

Helps squeeze max blood out of ventricles

A

trabecular carnae

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14
Q

Only in RV, prevents over expansion due to thin wall

A

moderator band

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15
Q

What causes heart murmer

A

valves not completely closing

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16
Q

LUB VS DUB

A

CLOSE AV VALVES
CLOSE SEMILUNAR VALVES

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17
Q

Describe conduction system

A

1) SA node depolarizes spontaneously
2) depolarization spreads and reach AV node
3)AV node delays in spread of electrical activity, Atrial contraction begins
4) impulses travel along bundle of HIS with septum to apex, impulse spread to papillary muscles of RV by moderator band
5) impulse is distributed by purkinje fibers and sent to ventricle myocardium —-> ventricle contraction

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18
Q

What is the most abundant blood vessel

A

capillaries

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19
Q

Layers of blood vessel

A

intima- most interior, single squamous epithelium
media- smooth muscle layer, both veins and arteries have
adventitia or externa- dense fibrous tissue that helps hold blood vessels to surrounding tissues

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20
Q

vasa vasorum

A

walls of bigger veins and arteries need their own blood supply because they are so big therefore they have smaller blood vessels to supply them with oxygen and nutrients

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21
Q

Arteries vs vein

A

arteries have thicker walls
lumen of vein is wider
tunica media in artery is much thicker= more pressure
arteries have elastic fibers in tunica media
veins hold more blood

22
Q

Internal vs external elastic membranes +function

A

internal is between intimacy and media
external is between media and adventitia
both membranes of networks of elastic fibers to give more elasticity to artery to sustain high pressure

23
Q

Elastic arteries function+examples

A

largest arteries, sustain most pressure, most amount of elastic fibers, have internal/elastic membranes
ex. brachiocephalic trunk, LCA, aorta, Left subclavian artery

24
Q

Muscular arteries functions and examples

A

lots of smooth muscle, can change diameter, can control bp flow, branch into arterioles
ex. femoral artery, radial artery, ulnar artery

25
Q

Arterioles functions + examples

A

thinnest arteries, thin walls, some smooth muscle giving them some control of bp/flow, control blood flow to capillaries

26
Q

capillaries characteristics

A

smallest blood vessel, simple squamous, tight junctions, desmosomes, as wide as roc, have basement lamina surrounding them, only bv to have gas, nutrient, waste exchange

27
Q

capillary bed

A

network of capillaries begin at arteriole end at venue end

28
Q

Where all capillary branches emerge from in capillary bed, walls of smooth muscle, a metarteriole(only found in mesenteric circulation)

A

thoroughfare channel

29
Q

Rings of smooth muscle on sides of thoroughfare channels that help regulate blood flow through capillary bed

A

pre capillary sphincters

30
Q

when more than one artery supply blood to one area. when they fuse and form a capillary bed this is called

A

collateral arteries, arterial anastomosis, if one get blocked the other can supply blood to capillary bed (how body ensures constant blood supply to certain organs)

31
Q

Types of capillaries

A

continuous- most common, simple squamous, held together by tight junctions
fernestrated capillaries- has small pores that allow rapid movement of flood and proteins that need to be exchanges (cells cannot cross over) places w/filtration of blood ex.kidneys
BOTH ABOVE HAVE CONTINUOUS BASEMENT LAMINA
sinusoid- least abundant, large gaps, blood vessels can leave/enter bloodstream through them (ex. red bone marrow, liver, spleen) discontinuous basement lamina

32
Q

veins with valves what are they
correspond the vein types that run parallel to other artery types

A

medium size veins have vvalves(folds of tunica intima)
medium sized veins travel with muscular arteries
large veins—-> elastic arteries
venules are the smallest veins

33
Q

Describe the pumps that help blood flow towards heart and their mechanisms

A

skeletal muscle pump- skeletal muscles was as pumps to pump blood to heart
respiratory pump- relies on pressure change in thorax, when inhaling pressure decreases in cavity and the pressure increases in rest of body this pushes blood in vein to heart

34
Q

Describe the flow of blood away from the heart starting at the aortic valve to the bladder, walls of pelvis, external genitalia and to lower limbs

A

Aortic valve ——> ascending aorta——>aortic arch——>descending aorta——>thoracic aorta——>aortic hiatus in diaphragm——>abdominal aorta—-> splits into the left/right common iliac arteries——> splits into external/internal iliac arteries
internal iliac artery supplies blood to the bladder, walls of pelvis, external genitalia
external iliac artery supplies blood to the lower limbs

35
Q

Describe the flow of blood away from the heart starting at the external iliac artery throughout the rest of body

A

external iliac artery——>femoral artery——> deep femoral artery
femoral and deep femoral artery supply blood to thigh region
femoral artery——> adductor hiatus (between adductor Magnus and femur)——>popliteal artery——>popliteal fossa——>splits into two pathways

——>posterior tibial artery——>fibular artery——>plantar arteries

——>anterior tibial artery——>dorsalis pedis
anterior/posterior tibial arteries and fibular artery=blood to legs

36
Q

Describe flow from legs to heart superficial and deep

A

(superficial)great saphenous vein——>femoral vein

dorsal and plantar venous arches ——>Anterior tibial and fibular veins drain into posterior tibial——>popliteal ——>femoral vein

femoral vein——>border of pelvic girdle (inguinal ligament)——>external iliac vein——>merges with internal iliac vein to form——>common iliac vein——>inferior vena cava——>RA

37
Q

arteries with highest blood pressure in body

A

aorta and coronary arteries

38
Q

Describe blood flow from aortic arch to upper limbs

A

aortic arch——> R/L subclavian arteries——>axillary artery ——>brachial artery——>deep brachial artery(posterior arm)——>splits into radial and ulnar arteries——>merge and go into palmar arches in hands

39
Q

Flow of deep veins in upper limbs (hands) to the heart

A

palmar venous arches ——>split into radial and ulnar veins——>merge into brachial vein——>axillary vein——>subclavian vein——>right/left brachiocephalic veins——>superior vena cava——>RA

40
Q

Flow of superficial veins of hand to heart

A

cephalic(back of hand) and basilic vein(front of hand) merge——>median cubital vein——>back to basilica and cephalic veins, they merge again ——>axillary vein——>subclavian vein ——>right/left brachiocephalic veins——>superior vena cava——>RA

41
Q

Carotid body vs carotid sinus (location, contain)

A

At base of internal carotid artery is carotid sinus which contains baroreceptors that measure BP

Before the common carotid diverges into internal and external carotid is the carotid body with chemoreceptors that are sensitive to chemical changes

42
Q

Pathway of oxygenated blood to brain from aortic arch

A

aortic arch——> left subclavian artery ——>vertebral artery——>transverse foramen——>foramen magnum——> diverges into right/left vertebral artery which merge into ——>basilar artery

43
Q

2 passageways for o2 blood to reach brain

A

internal carotid arteries and basilar artery, deliver blood to cerebral arterial circle
this is collateral circulation

44
Q

what vein drains out all blood of brain from sinuses.
vein that drains blood from exterior skull and face

A

internal jugular vein
external jugular vein

45
Q

all deoxygenated blood from head and arms ends up in

A

right/left brachiocephalic drinks which get together to form the superior vena cava——>RA

46
Q

describe the flow of blood from aortic arch to the liver

A

aortic arch
——>bronchial arteries (lungs)
——>esophageal artery (esophagus)
——>superior phrenic artery (diaphragm)
——>intercostal arteries(intercostal muscles)

——>aortic hiatus——>abdominal aorta
——>inferior mesenteric (large intestine, rectum)
——>gonadal artery
——>renal artery (kidney)
——>superior mesenteric artery(all intestines except terminal portion of LA and rectum)
-
—–>celiac trunk
——>splenic
——>left gastric artery
——>common hepatic ——>hepatic artery proper(liver)——>right/left hepatic arteries
right goes to cystic artery(gallbladder)

47
Q

Blood flow leaving from trunk, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric——>

A

all go into the splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and the inferior mesenteric veins which merge into the hepatic portal vein——>liver——>hepatic vein——>inferior vena cava

48
Q

what veins drain into the inferior vena cava

A

right and left renal veins
right gonadal vein
left gonadal vein——>left renal vein——>inferior vena cava
inferior vena cava crosses the diaphragm through the venal canal foramen——>RA

49
Q

Describe azygos vein

A

parallel to inferior vena cava
drains venous blood in lumbar veins——>aortic hiatus(same hole as aorta) ——>thoracic cavity——>superior vena cava
important to collateral circulation of inferior and superior vena cava

50
Q

blood of left side of body vs. blood of right side of body

A

left= oxygenated blood
right=deoxygenated blood

Anatomy/Physiology (6 decks)

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