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Anatomy/Physiology > General/ Special senses > Flashcards

General/ Special senses Flashcards

General senses, Special senses, Cardiovascular System, Muscular System

1
Q

What are the general senses? (6)

A

temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

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2
Q

Special senses (5)

A

smell, taste, balance, hearing, vision

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3
Q

changes in environment detected by sensory receptors in body

A

stimuli

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4
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

Sensory info arriving at the CNS-sensation
conscious awareness of a sensation-perception (happens in cortical area of brain)

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5
Q

Receptor specificity

A

each receptor primarily responds to one particular stimulus

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6
Q

Receptive field

A

area monitored by a single receptor cell

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7
Q

Large receptive fields vs. small receptive fields

A

large- receptors spread apart making it difficult to locate stimulus
small- receptors close together which makes it easy to localize a stimulus

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8
Q

What are the types of receptor responses?

A

Tonic: respond to every stimulus with the same magnitude, adapt very slowly or not at all
Phasic- fast adapting vary in magnitude, less sensitive over time (glasses on nose)

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9
Q

Baroreceptors vs Proprioreceptors

A

baro- respond to changes in pressure
propio- monitor position of joints, integrate sensory info from inner ear to convey information about body position

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10
Q

2 ways to classify receptors

A

Body location: exteroreceptors, proprioreceptors, and interoreceptors
Type of stimulus: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors

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11
Q

Classification based on location

A

Exteroreceptors- respond to stimuli from external environment, conscious sensation
Proprioreceptors- respond to stimuli with body about the position and stretch of joints and tendons
Interoreceptors- respond to stimuli within body \, detect oxygen levels in blood and pressure within walls of organs, not conscious

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12
Q

classification based on type of stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptors- sense physical deformations (ex. pressure, vibration)
Thermoreceptors- changes in temperature
Nociceptors - respond to pain
chemoreceptors- sense chemical environment inside body, body fluid composition

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13
Q

mechanoreceptors examples

A

tactile receptors: unencapsulated( free nerve endings, tactile discs, root hair plexus) or encapsulated (meissners (tactile) corpuscle, bulbous corpuscle (deep, continuous pressure and stretch of skin), lamellated (pacinian corpuscle))

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14
Q

referred pain

A

nociceptors, painful sensation from visceral organs that is perceived coming from another another organ (large receptive fields)

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15
Q

chemoreceptors vs baroreceptors location

A

chemoreceptors-detect changes in chemical concentration (ex. o2, co2)/ sensitive to pH changes. found in respiratory centers of medulla
carotid arteries and aortic arch

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16
Q

nociceptors are ____ with ____ receptive fields. The three types include _____, ______, and _____.

A

free nerve endings, large. extreme temperature, mechanical damage, strong chemicals.

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17
Q

Different types of taste buds

A

filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate

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18
Q

________ contains taste buds, _______ contain gustatory receptors.

A

papillae, taste buds

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19
Q

Where are gustatory receptors found?

A

in papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue

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20
Q

Taste buds contain _______ _______ cells and _____ cells which may also function as ______ cells

A

gustatory epithelial cells and basal cells~stem cells

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21
Q

each gustatory cell has _____ that extends through the _____ _____ into the surrounding fluid.

A

microvilli, taste pore

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22
Q

Dissolve chemicals contact the _____ that stimulate the gustatory cell

A

microvilli
leading to conscious taste as nerve fibers activate in gustatory cells

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23
Q

Where does taste information get sent for interpretation

A

thalamus –> gustatory cortex

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24
Q

Gustatory pathway

A

dissolved chemicals contact microvilli stimulating gustatory cell
impulses of from gustatory cell through facial (CN VII) glossopharyngeal (CN IX) , and vagus (X) nerves.
First order synapses occur in medulla
second order synapses occur in thalamus
info reaches gustatory cortex

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25
Q

Anterior 2/3 of taste buds :
posterior 1/3 of taste buds:

A

facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve

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26
Q

Describe the life cycle of taste buds

A

life starts with more than 10,000 tastebuds
number declines after 50
coupled with decline in olfactory receptors, taste diminishes as we age

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27
Q

Taste sensations

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

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28
Q

Sense of smell is provided by paired olfactory organs, consisting of …..

A

Olfactory epithelium containing:
olfactory sensory neurons, supporting cells, basal epithelial cells.

Lamina propria (underlying loose connective tissue) containing:
olfactory glands (produce mucus), blood vessels, and nerves.

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29
Q

Individual sensory neurons have different sensitivities, therefore, each olfactory neuron…..

A

expresses its own receptor that is sensitive to a selective variety of chemical molecules so we detect different smells

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30
Q

loss of taste can be due to

A

nerve damage or brain damage

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31
Q

Basale cells are _____ _____ that divide to replace worn out _______ _______ ______ every 2 months. As we age their regenerative abilities decline as well as our _______ ___ _______.

A

stem cells, olfactory sensory neurons. sense of smell.

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32
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

Axons of olfactory receptors leave olfactory epithelium through cribriform foramina and synapse on neurons in olfactory bulb forming CN I
IMPULSES TRAVEL FROM BULB TO THE BRAIN VIA THE OLFACTORY TRACT
imspulses arrive at the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system.

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33
Q

At superior aspect of nasal cavity is the _____ _____ and in here there is a ______ layer that traps chemical molecules that will bind to specific receptors on the _______ _______ ______. This stimulus will be transduced into ____ ______ that travel to the olfactory bulb to the brain and olfactory cortex in the ______ _____ making us conscious of smell.

A

olfactory epithelium, mucous, olfactory sensory neuron. action potentials, temporal lobe.

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34
Q

Visual sensations are detected by ______ on the ______ aspect of the eye

A

photoreceptors, posterior

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35
Q

Accessory structures of the eye

A

palpebrae, eyelashes, lacrimal apparatus,

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36
Q

Eyelashes (palpebrae) contain _____ _____ ____ that help with the blinking reflex.

A

root hair plexus

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37
Q

components of the eyelid

A

conjuctiva, palpebral fissure, medial and lateral angles, tarsal plate, orbicular oculi, levator palpebral superioris

38
Q

Between upper and lower palpebral is

A

palpebral fissure

39
Q

The ______ _____ _____ raises the upper eye lid while the ______ _____ closes the eye lid

A

levator palpebrae superioris, orbicularis oris

40
Q

Under muscle fibers of eyelid are the________ located in ______ side of upper and lower eyelids

A

tarsal plates, inner

41
Q

In the tarsal plates are ______ _______ they are sebaceous glands that prevent eye lids from sticking together. These are associated with _______.

A

tarsal glands, eyelashes

42
Q

Adipose tissue cushioning the eye is called

A

orbital fat

43
Q

Conjuctiva is ________ ________ epithelium that lines the _____ of eye and connects to the eyelid. It forms a protective sheath preventing ______ from getting behind the eyeball.

A

stratified, squamous, sclera. debris

44
Q

The conjuctiva that covers the anterior part of the eye is ______ ______ or ______ ______and part that lines inner side of palpebral is the ______ _______. Fold between the ocular and palpebral conjuctiva is called _______ which releases ______.

A

buibar conjuctiva/ocular conjuctiva, palpebral conjuctiva.
Fornix, lacrimal fluid.

45
Q

Lacrimal glands are ______ glands because they have _____ that empty into the fornix releasing tears.

A

exocrine, ducts

46
Q

Infection of tarsal gland—–>
Infection of any other gland in eye—->

A

cyst,
sty

47
Q

Lacrimal apparatus ______, _______, and ______ tears. Its structures consist of:

A

produces, distributes, and removes
lacrimal glands, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct

48
Q

Tear pathway——>
Tears are produced by _______ ________. Tears have an _____ pH and are a ______ secretion that contain ______ and _______ that are capable of breaking down bacterial walls preventing bacterial infection.
Lacrimal _____ empty at fornix of conjuctiva and flow over ocular surface drain via the
Lacrimal _____ on medial side drains out tears into lacrimal ______ and then flow into lacrimal ______ and then the _________ ______ opens up in our nose (runny nose when crying)

A

lacrimal glands, alkaline, lysozyme and antibodies.
lacrimal punctum—> lacrimal caniculis—–> lacrimal sac——> nasolacrimal duct

49
Q

What produces eye boogers

A

lacrimal caruncle is a moss of soft tissue w/glands that produce thick secretion

50
Q

Iris vs. pupil

A

iris-pigmented eye muscle that controls pupil
pupil can constrict or dilate depending on iris

51
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior cavity of the eye?

A

lens

52
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

fibrous, vascular, inner layer

53
Q

Fibrous layer consists of the _____ and ____ which covers the ___ part of the eyeball. Both are made of _____ connective tissue. The connection of the ______ and ______ is called _______. This layer is the point of attachment for _______ _______ muscles.

A

sclera and cornea, anterior.
Fibrous connective tissue.
sclera+cornea=corneasclera junction
extrinsic eye muscles

54
Q

The vascular layer consists of the ______, _______ (smooth muscle that controls lens shape), and ______ (highly vascularized capillary network that nourishes retina and cools down inside of eye).

A

iris, ciliary body, and choroid

55
Q

The inner layer is also called the ______. It has ____ layers. The ____ layer has _____ cells that help sense light. Once light passes through first layer it then goes through the ______ layer that contains lots of _______ that absorb light while preventing It from scattering and keeps image clear.

A

Retina, 2
neural layer (inner layer), photoreceptors
pigmented layer, melanocytes

56
Q

Photoreceptors consist of ____ and ____

A

rods- night vision (black/white)
cones- color vision (high resolution/sharpness)

57
Q

The _____ cavity is divided into anterior and posterior chambers. The ______ ______ produces _________ _______ that is released in posterior chamber and flows into anterior chamber.

A

anterior
ciliary body, aqueous humor

58
Q

What secretion nourishes eye structures and fills up the anterior cavity

A

aqueous humor

59
Q

The _____ cavity is also called _______ ______ it is filled with _____ ______ that is gelatinous keeping the eye round and provides support for retina by pressing ______ _______ against the ______ ______.

A

posterior, vitreous chamber, vitreous humor
neural layer against pigmented layer

60
Q

Cells within the retina and their functions

A

Bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells responsible for processing visual information and refining information before sent to brain

61
Q

Axons of ganglion cells form the

A

optic nerve CN II

62
Q

Describe the distribution of codes and rods in the retina

A

not evenly distributed
rods concentration the periphery of the retina
The macula is the area of the retina that contains only cones

63
Q

Describe where the highest resolution in eye is and why

A

The center of the macula is called the fovea centralis, this is where we have the highest concentration of cone cells as well as sharpest vision and highest resolution

64
Q

The ____ _____ is part of the retina where blood vessels and optic nerve exits/enters the eye. It is also called _______ ______ because there are ______ ________. If an object is focused on this area, ______ does not occur.

A

optic disc
blind spot, no photoreceptors
vision

65
Q

The _______ is avascular so it must get all its nutrients from ______ ______. The ______ ______ produces this , which is filtered from ______ ______.

A

cornea, aqueous humor
ciliary body, blood plasma

66
Q

Flow of aqueous humor

A

secreted by ciliary body—–> enters posterior chamber (posterior to iris)—–> flows through pupil——> enters anterior chamber——> drains through the scleral venous sinus ——> enters into venous circulation

67
Q

What happens if aqueous humor cannot flow through the scleral venous sinus

A

pressure builds up and causes glaucoma

68
Q

What could happen if the vitreous body is not the right consistency

A

pressure is reduced in retina and neural layer of retina may detach from posterior wall

69
Q

For light to be focused properly the _____ needs to change ______ and this is done by the _____ _____ which it contracts and relaxes to decrease or increase tension in the ______ ____ which are anchored by the _______. These ______ ______ bends the light so it can focus properly onto our retina as they pull on the ____.

A

lens, change shape, ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments, ciliary zenule.
suspensory ligaments, lens

70
Q

Visual Pathway

A

light passes through cornea—–>anterior chamber—–> pupil——-> posterior chamber——> lens——-> lens focuses image on some part of retina which activates photoreceptors that activate cells that lead to activation(depolarization) of retinal ganglion cells, the axons of these cells form the optic nerve

71
Q

50% of axons of retinal ganglion cells decussate at ____ _____ while other 50% are straight. At the ____ _____ the axons are no longer called optic nerve instead they are called _____ ____where 50% are from ____ ___ and 50% are from ___ _____.

A

optic chiasm
optic chiasm
optic tracts
left eye, right eye

72
Q

75% of visual info is sent to _____ and then to _____ ______ ______ where we become conscious of visual information.
25% of visual info goes to ______ to area called ____ ______ contolling reflex responses from visual stimuli also involved with pupil dilation/constriction and focusing of eyes.

A

thalamus, primary visual cortex
midbrain, superior colliculus

73
Q

Ear is divided into ______, ______, and ______.

A

external, middles, and internal ear

74
Q

External ear is made up of the ____, _____ _____, ______ ______ _____, and the ____ ___ _____.

A

auricle, elastic cartilage, external acoustic meatus, and the outer tympanic membrane

75
Q

The middle ear is made up of the _______ ______ _______ and the _______ ______ which are the _____, _____, and ____. It also contains the opening for the ______ _____ that connects middle ear rto upper part of throat (nasopharynx)

A

inner tympanic membrane and the auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
auditory tube

76
Q

The internal ear is like a _____ _____ located within the temporal bone. Inside the ___ _____ is the _______ ______ which contains _____ cells, ____ cells, and _____ (fluid). The _____ _____ and _____ ______ are separated by perilymph.

A

bony labyrinth
bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth
hair cells, supporting cells, endolymph
bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

77
Q

The bony labyrinth is divided into: _____ _____ and _____. The _____ ______contains the following structures: semicircular canals, vestibule, utricle, and saccule. The _____ contains the structures: round window and oval window.

A

vestibular complex and cochlea
vestibular complex: semicircular canals, vestibule, utricle, saccule
cochlea: round window, oval window

78
Q

What is seen leaving the vestibular apparatus and the cochlea is the

A

vestibularcochlear nerve CN VIII

79
Q

Within the external acoustic meatus are the ________ glands that secrete____. These glands are modified sebaceous glands. This secretion is _______ helping to keep water out of ear ,preventing infections.

A

ceruminous glands, cerumin (earwax), hydrophobic

80
Q

The _____ vibrates against the oval window of cochlear canal and the _____ transducer this vibration into sound

A

stapes, cochlea

81
Q

What muscles control the ability of the ossicles to vibrate? When contracted these muscles make it harder for the ossicles to vibrate

A

tensor tympani (pulls on malleus) and strapedius (pulls on stapes)

82
Q

What structure helps equalize the pressure inside the tympanic membrane to the pressure outside the tympanic membrane?

A

auditory tube

83
Q

What separates external ear from middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

84
Q

What is the vestibular complex

A

the vestibule and the semicircular ductsw

85
Q

within vestibule are a pair of membranous sacs called and their functions

A

saccule is vertical and utricle horizontal, both sacs inform us of gravitational pul and linear motion (accelerating, decelerating)

86
Q

Describe how the utricle and saccule work together to detect motion

A

Within the utricle and saccule are hair cells that contact the otolithic membrane. When we move in horizontal or vertical direction the otolithic membrane moves bending hair cells generating action potentials transmitted through vestibulocochlear nerve to brain.

87
Q

Inside the cochlea is the ______ ______ filled with ______, this structure contains the ________ _______. This structure has _____ cells that are cochlear receptors, vibration of these cells generate APs which are transmitted to the axons going to the __________ nerve. This nerve sends info to brain to be interpreted as _______.

A

cochlear duct, endolymph, spiral organ
hair, vestibulocochlear nerve
sound

88
Q

what are the two chambers of the cochlear duct? what are their functions and what are they filled with?

A

scala vestiboli and scala tympani are filled with perilymph and provide support to cochlear duct that contains spiral organ

89
Q

high frequency sound——>________ waves in endolymph causing the bending of hair in the _______ of cochlea
low frequency sounds——-> ______ waves in endolymph causing the bending of hair _______ in cochlea

A

short, beginning
long, deep

90
Q

semicircular ducts inform us of _______ ______

A

rotational motion

Anatomy/Physiology (6 decks)

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