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Science Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered cells

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

When did Robert Hooke discover cells

A

1665

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3
Q

who invented the microscope

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

What is in a plant cell

A

cell membrane, chloroplast, cell wall, vacuole, nuclease, mitochondria, cytoplasm

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5
Q

What does mitochondria do

A

creates energy from glucose

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6
Q

what does the vacuole do

A

helps dispose waste and stores cell sap

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7
Q

what does chloroplast do

A

produces energy from photosynthesis

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8
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

a complex cell, with a nucleus

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9
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

make protiens

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10
Q

what does an animal cell have

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria

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11
Q

what does a bacteria cell have

A

slime coat, chromosomal DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmid, flagellum

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12
Q

what does the slime coat do

A

traps nutrients

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13
Q

what does plasmid do

A

contains a small part of the bacteria’s DNA

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14
Q

what does Chromosomal DNA do

A

Helps with self replication

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15
Q

what is mitosis

A

a process where a cell divides and replicates into two identical daughter cells

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16
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis ( PMAT)

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17
Q

What happens in the prophase

A

nucleus breaks down and spindle fibres start to appear

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18
Q

what happens in the metaphase

A

the chromosomes line up on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell

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19
Q

what happens in the anaphase

A

the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

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20
Q

what happens in the telophase

A

a membrane starts to form around each set of chromosomes

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21
Q

what happens in cytokinesis

A

a cell surface membrane forms around the two new cells

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22
Q

what is cell differentation

A

a process that changes less specialised cells into more specialised cells

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23
Q

why are some cells biconcave

A

to increase the surface area

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24
Q

what are alleles

A

different forms of the same gene

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25
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

the stronger allele

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26
Q

what is a recessive allele

A

the alleles that aren’t dominant

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27
Q

what is the formula triangle you use for magnification

A

actual image size, picture size, magnification

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28
Q

what is matter made up of

A

tiny particles called atoms

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29
Q

What are two rules about atoms

A
  1. atoms cannot be created or destroyed
  2. atoms in an element are all identical
30
Q

what is an atom made up of

A

shells, protons, neutrons

31
Q

what does the nucleus in an atom contain

A

protons and neutons

32
Q

what charge does a proton have

A

positive (+1)

33
Q

what charge does an electron have

A

negative (-1)

34
Q

what charge does a neutron have

A

no charge (0)

35
Q

what is the atomic mass number ( bottom )

A

total number of protons a neutrons

36
Q

what is the atomic mass ( top )

A

tells us the number of protons in the atom

37
Q

what are isotopes

A

different forms of the same element

38
Q

what is electronic configuration

A

where the electrons are placed in the shells

39
Q

how many electrons are in the first shell

A

2

40
Q

how many electrons in the the rest of the shells

A

8

41
Q

who invented the periodic table

A

Dimitri Mendeleev

42
Q

how did Mendeleev organise the elements in the periodic table

A

in order of their relative atomic mass

43
Q

how can you find out what group an element is in

A

the same number as the amount electrons are in the outer shell

44
Q

how do you find out what period an element is in

A

the period number is the same as the amount of shells an atom has

45
Q

what is a physical change

A

a change where only the physical form is changed, and no new substance is created

46
Q

what is a chemical change

A

a change where a new substance is created

47
Q

what is a mixture

A

something that contains elements that aren’t chemically joined together

48
Q

on a temperature - time graph, what does it mean when the line is horizontal

A

it shows that the temperature is consistent, which means the substance is changing state

49
Q

how do you know if a substance is pure

A

all parts will melt at the same temperature

49
Q

what happens when you heat up a substance

A

the particles gain energy, and break away from their fixed arrangement

50
Q

what does soluble mean

A

is able to dissolve in water

51
Q

what does insoluble mean

A

cannot be dissolved in water

52
Q

what is a solvent

A

the liquid that something dissolves in

53
Q

what is a solute

A

the thing that is being dissolved

54
Q

what is a solution

A

a mixture of the solute and solvent

55
Q

what is crystillation

A

where you heat a filtrate until crystals from

56
Q

what does paper chromatography do

A

separates inks and dyes

57
Q

what is the mobile phase in paper chromatography

A

the solvent

58
Q

what is the stationary phase in paper chromatography

A

the paper

59
Q

what is the Rf value

A

is a ratio used to describe the distance a component in a mixture travels in relation to the distance the solvent travels.

60
Q

what is distillation

A

something used to separate liquids with different boiling points

60
Q

how do you work out the rf value

A

distance travelled by spot divided by the distance travelled by solvent (answer must always be below 1)

61
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

something used to separate two or more liquids

62
Q

what is a vector quantity

A

a type of measurement that includes magnitude ( size ) and direction

63
Q

what is a scalar quantity

A

a type of measurement that only includes magnitude

64
Q

3 examples of a vector quantity

A

force, velocity, acceleration

65
Q

what is velocity

A

speeding in a specific direction

66
Q

3 examples of a scaler quantity

A

speed, distance, time

67
Q

what is displacement

A

displacement is a straight line form A to B. for example, if you are driving on a road, it normally has bends in, but the displacement would just be a straight line there

68
Q

how do you work out the gradient of a distance time graph

A

y axis divided by x axis

69
Q

what are resultant forces

A

the resultant force is the stronger force, so for example if it was 12N to the right and 3N to the left, the resultant force would be 9N to the right

70
Q

how do you work out the weight of something

A

weight = mass x gravitational field strength

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