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🤍🤍🤍 > science > Flashcards

science Flashcards

1
Q

variables

A

factors that can be changed

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2
Q

Independent variable

A

change (can only be 1)

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3
Q

dependent variable

A

measured

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4
Q

controlled variable

A

stay the same

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5
Q

bio: the hierarchical relationship

A

cells, nucleus, chromosome, gene, and DNA

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6
Q

cell

A

the smallest unit of life and the building blocks of living things.

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7
Q

nucleus

A

roundish structure inside a cell that contains DNA and acts as the control center for a cell.

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8
Q

chromosome

A

thread-like structure inside the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA that carries genetic information. (humans have 46 chromosomes)

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9
Q

Gene

A

a segment of DNA molecule with a coded set of instructions in its base sequence for a specific protein product; when expressed, it may determine the characteristics of an organism.

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10
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
a substance found in all living things that contain genetic information.

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11
Q

DNA structure

A

alternating phosphate and sugar to form the backbone
bases attached to the nitrogenous base
subunits are called nucleotides
- Adenine
- Thymine
- guanine
- cytosine

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12
Q

transcription

A

the process by which the genetic message in DNA is copied into mRNA

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13
Q

translation

A

process by which the amino acids are joined in a ribosome to form protein.

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14
Q

codon

A

group of 3 bases in mRNA that code for a particular amino acid.

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15
Q

induced mutations

A

mutation of DNA which the cause can be identified

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16
Q

mutations

A

change to DNA sequence at the gene or chromosomal level

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17
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

mutation of DNA which the cause can NOT be identified

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18
Q

Ionic/electrovalent bonding

A

attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. When the valence (outside shell) electrons of one atom are permanently transferred to the other atom.

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19
Q

anions

A

when an atom gains an electron, it becomes negatively charged (non-metals)

20
Q

Cations

A

when an atom loses an electron, it becomes positively charged (metals)

21
Q

shell letters (inner to outer shell)

A

K - 2 electrons
L - 8 electrons
M - 18 but happy with 8 electrons
N - 32 but happy with 8 electrons

22
Q

covalent bonding

A

when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms, becoming more stable.

23
Q

writing chemical formulae

A

iron(3) hydroxide

Fe +3 OH -1

= Fe(OH)3

24
Q

chemical reactions

A

sodium chloride + lead(2) nitrate = sodium nitrate + lead(2) chloride

25
Q

balancing equations

A

not balanced: H2 + O2 = H2O
balanced: 2 H2+ O2 = 2 H2O

26
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in a nucleus

27
Q

atomic mass

A

number of protons and neutrons in an atom

28
Q

group number

A

tells us the number of valence (outer shell) electrons

Li 2,1
Na 2, 8, 1
K 2, 8, 8, 1

  • all group 1
29
Q

period number

A

tells us how many shells there are that contain electrons.

B 2, 3 = 2 shells
Al 2,8,3 = 3 shells

30
Q

Force

A

a force is a push, a pull, or a twist

Forces can cause an object to:
- change shape
- speed up
- slow down
- start or stop moving
- change direction

31
Q

Newtons 1st law of motion

A
  • an object at rest will stay at rest unless an outside force acts upon it.
  • an object that is moving will continue to move at the same speed and the same direction until an unbalanced force acts upon it.
32
Q

Newtons 2nd law

A

an object will accelerate in the direction of the unbalanced force acting on it. The size of this acceleration depends on the mass of the object and the net force acting on the object.

33
Q

Graphs

A

A velocity graph: straight line = constant speed
A distance graph: straight line = not moving

34
Q

Newtons 3rd law

A

For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.

35
Q

Mitosis

A

The process involved in the production of new cells genetically identical to the original cell

36
Q

Meiosis

A

production of gametes (egg and sperm)

37
Q

Haploid (n)

A

Having one copy of each specific chromosome in each set

38
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

having two copies of each specific chromosome in each set

39
Q

atom

A

An atom is a particle that makes up all materials. It is the smallest part of an element.

40
Q

Element

A

a substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number

41
Q

Compound

A

chemical substances made up of two or more elements that are chemically bound together in
a fixed ratio

42
Q

Mixture

A

is a material made up of two or more different substances, which are mixed but not combined
chemically.

43
Q

ion

A

An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons in order to become stable

44
Q

Law of conservation of mass

A

States that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

45
Q

weight

A

Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on the mass of an
object. Weight is a downward-pulling force

46
Q

inertia

A

The tendency of an object to resist changes to its motion.

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