Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Attitude

A

an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.

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2
Q

Tri-component model (A B C)

A
  • Affective: emotions/ how you feel
  • Behavioural: observable actions
  • cognitive: belief towards an object, group or person
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3
Q

stereotyping (positive and negative)

A

It is a generalization about the personal characteristics of the members of a social group.

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4
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

The psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings or behaviours do NOT align.

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5
Q

ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

A
  • change the cognition/ belief
  • change the behaviour
  • add new and supporting cognitions
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6
Q

discrimination

A

when a person or group is treated differently than others

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7
Q

Heuristics

A

the information-processing strategies or mental shortcuts that enable individuals to form judgments and problem-solve quickly and efficiently.

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8
Q

Heuristics: Availability

A

making judgments based on information that is easily accessible

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9
Q

personal perception

A

A mental process we use to understand and form impressions of others.

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10
Q

prejudice

A

A negative attitude towards another person/ social group

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11
Q

direct discrimination

A

treating someone with law-protected characteristics less favourably.

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12
Q

indirect discrimination

A

An unreasonable requirement that disadvantages a person or group because of personal characteristics.

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13
Q

Heuristics: representative

A

Involves making categorized judgments based on their similarity or from past experience.

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14
Q

Heuristics: affect

A

making judgements based on emotion

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15
Q

Heuristics positive influence

A
  • save time when making a decision/ problem-solving
  • can be adaptive and protects individuals from dangerous situations
  • reduces cognitive load
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16
Q

Heuristics negative influences

A
  • decisions/judgments are made quickly which means they are more prone to error or bias.
17
Q

sensation

A

raw data is detected by sensory receptors and is converted into neutral signals that travel along nerves to the brain.

18
Q

perception

A

sensations are interpreted in the brain

19
Q

selective attention

A

involves choosing and attending to a specific stimulus whilst at the same time excluding other stimuli

20
Q

divided attention

A

refers to the ability to distribute our attention so that 2 or more activities may be preformed simultaneously.

21
Q

sustained attention

A

involves the maintenance of attention on a specific stimulus or task for a continuous period of time without getting distracted.

22
Q

bottom-up processing

A

the perceptual process starts at the bottom with raw sensory information that is sent up to the brain for higher-level mental processing

23
Q

top-down processing

A

a perceptual process that starts at the top with higher level cognitive processing in the brain and works done from the whole image to the details.

24
Q

visual perception

A

The ability to make sense of what our eyes are seeing.

25
Q

gestalt principles

A
  • figure-ground
  • similarity
  • proximity
  • closure
26
Q

psychological factors influencing visual perception

A
  • Gestalt principles
  • perceptual set (readiness to perceive something as it is expected to look)
  • context
  • motivation
  • past experiences
  • memory
27
Q

gustatory perception

A

taste perception

28
Q

reception

A

receptors in taste detect and respond to chemical molecules

29
Q

transduction

A

taste receptors convert the molecules into neutral signals that can be sent to the brain

30
Q

hypothesis (what to include)

A
  • population
  • direction
  • IV
  • DV
31
Q

accuracy

A

how close a measurement is to the true value

32
Q

precision

A

how close a set of measurements are together

33
Q

repeatability

A

obtain similar results when study is conducted multiple times under the same conditions

34
Q

between subjects

A

individual assigned to one condition

35
Q

with-in subjects

A

individual assigned to both conditions