science Flashcards
which carbohydrate is used in silvering of mirrors?
glucose (along with AgNO3)
egg laying mammal?
Duck billed platypus
Spiny ant eater
cartilaginous fish?
aka chondrochythyes
opp of bony fish (osteichythyes)
eg. shark and ray
scientific names of:
1. pigeon
2. crow
3. peacock
4. swan
5. gangetic dolphin
- columba livia
- corvus
- pavo cristatus
- cygnus
- plataista gangetica
normal RBC count in adult male
5-5.5 mn
cod liver oil is rich in?
vit A, D, E
omega 3 fatty acid
use of and monomer of:
1. rubber?
2. BUNA-S?
3. BUNA-N
4. Teflon?
5. Terylene
6. Glyptal
7. Bakelite
8. PVC
9. Nylon-6
- tyres, elastic materials; Isoprene
- synthetic rubber; styrene and butadiene
- synthetic rubber; butadiene and vinyl cyanide
- non-stick cookware; tetra fluoro Ethane
- fabric; Ethylene Glycol and Terephthalic acid
- fabric; Ethylene Glycol and Phthalic acid
- Plastic switches, Mugs and Buckets; Phenol and Formaldehyde
- tubes, pipes; Vinyl chloride
- fabric; caprolactam
interaction between species?
- Amensalism: (-, 0); Example: A large tree shades a small plant, retarding the growth of the small plant.
- Competition (-,-)
- Commensalism: (+, 0); cow dung provides food and shelter to dung beetles. The beetles have no effect on the cows.
- Mutualism (+,+); The bird oxpecker lives on the rhino and removes all bugs and parasites on the animal skin by eating them. The Rhino provides the bird with food and in return, the bugs removed from the skin of the rhino. Both rhino and the oxpecker is benefited.
types and examples of mutualism?
- Obligate Mutualism: the relationship between two species, in which both are completely dependent on each other. Most of the symbioses and some non-symbiotic are the best examples of obligate mutualism
eg. The yucca plant, the habitat of the dry and arid climate of the southwestern United States. The flower of the yucca plant relies on the moth for the pollination process. In turn, the moth is benefited by laying its eggs on the flower and feeding the larvae with the seeds. - Facultative Mutualism: the partners may coexist without a depending on each other. They, however, form a diffuse relationship involving a varying mixture of species.
For example Honeybees and plants.
Honey bees visit many different plants species for the nectar from the flower and these plants will be visited by the number of the insect as pollinators for pollination.
- Trophic Mutualism: the partners are specialized in complementary ways to obtain energy and nutrients from each other.
For example The cows and the bacteria.
Cows cannot digest the plant’s cellulose. The bacteria present in the rumens of cows helps in digesting plants cellulose. In reverse bacteria gets food and warm environment, which is required for their growth and development.
- Defensive Mutualism: one partner receives food and shelter and in return, it helps the partner by defending against the herbivores or predators or parasites.
eg. Ants live and feed on the nectar of acacia trees. The acacia tree provides home and food for the ants. As they have hollow huge thorns – homes for the ants and yellow swellings on the leaves- food for the ants. In reverse ants acts a guard attacking insects and protects the tree from grazing animals.
another example are aphids (small insects) and ants. aphids provide ants with sugar-rich honeydew as a source of food and the ants protect the aphids against various natural enemies and improve the hygiene of the aphid colony.
what is wood spirit?
methaol is aka wood spirit
variation of BP of water with pressure?
A liquid at low pressure has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. Because of this, water boils at 99.97 °C (211.95 °F) under standard pressure at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 1,905 metres (6,250 ft)[3] altitude.
boiling vs evaporation?
Liquids may change to a vapor at temperatures below their boiling points through the process of evaporation. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon in which molecules located near the liquid’s edge, not contained by enough liquid pressure on that side, escape into the surroundings as vapor. On the other hand, boiling is a process in which molecules anywhere in the liquid escape, resulting in the formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid.
Boiling Point change with solute in a solvent?
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the resulting solution has a higher boiling point than that of the pure solvent. For example, the boiling point of a solution of sodium chloride (salt) and water is greater than that of pure water.
Boiling point elevation is a colligative property of matter, i.e. it is dependent on the solute-to-solvent ratio but not on the solute’s identity.
biogas?
Biogas is produced under anaerobic conditions; the process is denominated as anaerobic digestion. The major constituent of biogas is methane (55-70%), CO2 (30-45%) and some traces of gases such as H2S and ammonia.
LPG?
The primary components of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are propane, butane, propylene, butylene, and isobutane.
It has various uses such as heating and cooking in homes. LPG also has industrial and agricultural uses.
It is highly flammable as it is much heavier than air.
LNG
LNG is typically 85-95% methane. It also contains tiny amounts of ethane, propane, butane and nitrogen; the exact composition varying depending on its source and processing.
LNG is clear, colourless, and odourless. LNG is non-corrosive and non-toxic
natural gas?
It is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes.
CNG?
CNG is gaseous, consisting of about 80 to 90 per cent methane
Its primary use is as an alternative for fuel in automobiles.
It produces relatively lower quantities of greenhouse gases (in comparison with LPG).
It is relatively safe as it disperses rapidly into the air.
Babbitt Metal?
Babbitt metal, also known as bearing metal, is an alloy that is primarily used in plain bearings as a bearing surface
The typical composition of Babbitt metal is:
Tin (Sn) – 90%
Antimony (Sb) – 7%
Copper (Cu) – 3%
One of the most desirable properties of this alloy is its low measure of friction with steel.
Bell metal?
Bell metal is an alloy that is primarily used for making bells and other related instruments (thus the name ‘Bell’ metal). It can be considered a form of bronze that contains a relatively large amount of tin in its composition. The typical composition of bell metal is:
Copper (Cu) – 78%
Tin (Sn) – 22%
This alloy is also used in cooking and eating utensils. It is also used in some types of household decorations.
bronze?
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. It is widely used in medals, coins, trophies, heavy gears and tools, and some forms of electrical hardware. The typical composition of bronze is:
Copper (Cu) – 75%
Tin (Sn) – up to 12%
Other elements such as manganese, aluminium, zinc, nickel, silicon, phosphorus, and arsenic
It can be noted that based on the elements used in the alloying, the strength of the bronze may vary. It can be noted that bronze is quite superior to pure copper in terms of hardness. It is also known to be more ductile and machinable than pure copper.
Nichrome?
nichrome is an alloy that primarily consists of nickel and chromium. It is not uncommon for nichrome alloys to also contain iron and certain other elements. The typical composition of nichrome alloys is:
Nickel (Ni) 80-85%
Chromium (Cr) 15-20%
Iron and other elements
The primary application of nichrome is in resistance wires. It is also used as the heating element in certain electrical appliances such as space heaters and bread toasters. It can also be noted that nichrome alloys are also employed in some types of dental fillings.
connecting link between plants and animals?
Euglena, a protozoa, is called as ‘connecting link’ between plant and animal, because it has characteristics of both plant and animals. Like plants, they have chloroplasts with the help of which they perform photosynthesis. Like animals, they lack cell walls and in absence of sunlight, they possess a structure called as flagellum, which is used to obtain food, therefore performing heterortrophic nutrition.
interferon?
are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.
light effectivity for stomatal opening?
in dim light or in the night usually the stomata will be closed. When the light intensity increases, the stomata open. Blue and red light stimulate the stomatal opening. Among this, blue is the most effective light for the opening of stomata, it is perceived by phototropins that promote the increase in the solute concentration of guard cells. It also increases the phototropic response.
It opens the least under green light
red color of tomato because of?
lycopin
plant growth regulators?
- Auxin
- Cytokinin
- Gibberellins
- Abscisic acid
- Ethylene
plant growth regulators: Auxin?
- First discovered plant growth regulator. Discovered by Charles Darwin and his son, Francis Darwin, when they discovered the presence of a transmittable substance that influences the growth of canary grass towards the light. That transmittable substance was what we know as auxin which was isolated later by F.W. Went.
- These plant growth regulators are generally produced at the points of stems and roots from where they are transported to other parts of the plants.
- These plant hormones include both natural and synthetic sources. Indole-3-acetic acid and indole butyric acid are obtained from natural plant sources, whereas naphthalene acetic acid and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid are obtained from synthetic sources.
- Functions:
Facilitate flowering in plants
Used in the process of plant propagation.
Used by gardeners to keep lawns free from weeds.
Involved in the initiation of roots in stem cuttings.
Prevention of dropping of leaves and fruits at early stages.
Regulate xylem differentiation and assists in cell division.
Auxins are widely used as herbicides to kill dicot weeds.
Used to produce fruit without preceding fertilization. used to produce seedless plants
Promote natural detachment (abscission) of older leaves and fruits.
Apical dominance may occur in which the growth of lateral buds is inhibited by the growth of apical buds. In such cases, the shoot caps may be removed.
plant growth regulators: Gibberellins?
- The first gibberellin to be discovered was gibberellic acid. Now there are more than 100 types of gibberellins and are mainly gathered from a variety of organisms from fungi to higher plants.
- Functions:
Delay senescence (condition or process of deterioration with age) in fruits.
Involved in leaf expansion.
Break bud and seed dormancy.
Promote bolting in cabbages (Bolting describes an edible, frost-tolerant plant like lettuce, cilantro, or other greens quickly going to seed, before we would like. ) and beet.
Facilitate elongation of fruits such as apples and enhance their shape.
Used by the brewing industry to accelerate the malting process.
Used as the spraying agent to increase the yield of sugarcane by elongation of the stem.
In young conifers, utilized to fasten the maturity period and facilitate early seed production
Helps in increasing the crop yield by increasing the height in plants such as sugarcane and increase the axis length in plants such as grape stalks.
- Gibberellins are acidic in nature.
plant growth regulators: Cytokinin?
- These are produced in the regions where cell division occurs; mostly in the roots and shoots.
Functions:
Break bud and seed dormancy.
Promotes the growth of the lateral bud.
Promotes cell division and apical dominance.
They are used to keep flowers fresh for a longer time.
Used in tissue culture to induce cell division in mature tissues.
Facilitate adventitious shoot formation and lateral shoot growth.
Promotes nutrient mobilization that in turn assists delaying leaf senescence.
Helps in delaying the process of ageing (senescence) in fresh leaf crops like cabbage and lettuce.
Involved in the formation of new leaves and chloroplast organelles within the plant cell.
Used to induce the development of shoot and roots along with auxin, depending on the ratio.
plant growth regulators: Abscisic acid?
It is a growth inhibitor, which was discovered in the 1960s. It was initially called dormant. Later, another compound abscisin-II was discovered and are commonly called as abscisic acid.
This growth inhibitor is synthesized within the stem, leaves, fruits, and seeds of the plant.
Mostly, abscisic acid serves as an antagonist to Gibberellic acid.
It is also known as the stress hormone as it helps by increasing the plant-tolerance to various types of stress.
Functions:
Stimulates closing of stomata in the epidermis.
Helps in the maturation and development of seeds.
Inhibits plant metabolism and seed germination.
It is involved in regulating abscission and dormancy.
It is widely used as a spraying agent on trees to regulate dropping of fruits.
Induces seed-dormancy and aids in withstanding desiccation and various undesired growth factors.
plant growth regulators: Ethylene?
Ethylene is a simple, gaseous plant growth regulator, synthesised by most of the plant organs includes ripening fruits and ageing tissues.
Ethylene is used as both plant growth promoters and plant growth inhibitors. Ethylene is synthesized by the ripening fruits and ageing tissues.
FUnctions:
Ethylene is the most widely used plant growth regulator as it helps in regulating many physiological processes.
Induce flowering in the mango tree.
Promotes sprouting of potato tubers.
Breaks the dormancy of seeds and buds.
Enhances respiration rate during ripening of fruits.
Applied to rubber trees to stimulate the flow of latex.
Facilitates senescence and abscission of both flowers and leaves.
Used to stimulate the ripening of fruits. For example, tomatoes and citrus fruits.
Affects horizontal growth of seedlings and swelling of the axis in dicot seedlings.
Increases root hair formation and growth, thus aids plant to expand their surface area for absorption.
quinine is obtained from?
from bark of cinchona
