Science Flashcards
What is science?
- Came from the Latin word “scientia” meaning KNOWLEDGE
* Systematic way of acquiring knowledge
What is zoology, biology, and botany?
Study of animals, life, and plant
What is helminthology?
Study of worms
What is herpetology?
Study of reptiles
What is ornithology?
Study of birds
What is bacteriology?
Study of bacteria
What is virology?
Study of virus
What is microbiology?
Study of microorganisms
What is ichtchyology?
Study of fishes
What is mycology?
Study of fungi
What is paleonthology?
Study of fossils and evidences of the past
What is pathology?
Study of diseases
What is cytology?
Study of cells
What is histology?
Study of tissues
What is genetics?
Study of genes
What is taxonomy?
Study of classification and naming of organisms
What are the six kingdoms of living things? Then, describe.
AREUPROPLAANFU
Archaebacteria - ancient bacteria or prokaryotic (don’t have true nucleus), single-celled
Eubacteria - true bacteria (with true nucleus), single-celled
Protista - single-celled organisms with nuclei
Plantae - multicellular plants
Animalia - Largest Kingdom multi-cellular
Fungi - organisms that cannot manufacture own food
What is cell biology?
Study of the smallest unit in a living organism: cells.
What is a cell?
Discovered by Robert Hooke, it is the fundamental structure and function of life
What are the two types of cells and define them?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic is the simplest type and doesn’t have a true nucleus
Eukaryotic is more complex and has a true nucleus. Examples are plants, animals, and fungi.
In the parts of a cell, what is the plasma membrane?
Provides form and structure of the cell.
In the parts of a cell, what is a nucleus?
Control center of the cell and contains the chromosomes
In the parts of a cell, what is a cytoplasm?
It includes all of the materials outside the nucleus
In the parts of a cell, what is endoplasmic reticulum?
Connects all the cell membrane to the nucleus like a canal that transports materials
In the parts of a cell, what is a ribosome?
Tiny structures that manufactures proteins
In the parts of a cell, what is mitochondria?
It is the powerhouse of the cell.
In the parts of a cell, what is a lysosome?
Contains enzymes that breaks down the molecules for the cell
In the parts of a cell, what is cell wall?
Provides rigidity for the cells
In the cellular production or cell division, define the following terms:
Chromatin Chromosomes Chromatid Centromere Kinetochere Homologous Chromosomes
Chromatin - uncoiled DNA
Chromosomes - contains the genes and DNA
Chromatid - identical chromosome or twin from the replication process
Centromere - area holding the two chromatids together
Kinetochere - two chromosomes are attached
Homologous Chromosomes - chromosomes that are similar in structure
In the cell division, describe what happens in mitosis?
Happens in four stages or PMAT of eukaryotic cells
Prophase - nucleoli disappears and chromatin starts to coil
Metaphase - chromosomes align in the center to form a metaphase plate
Anaphase - cell elongates and chromosomes split
Telophase - cleavage furrows and continues to deepen and then produces two daughter nuclei
In the cell division, what happens in meiosis?
It has two parts: Meiosis I and Meiosis II of sex cells and gives rise to FOUR daughter cells
In genetics, what is heredity?
Transmissions of genes from one generation to another
In genetics, what is genes?
Segments of DNAs that contain the code for a specific trait
In genetics, what is alleles?
The forms of a gene (ex. Tall allele /T/ or short allele /t/)
In genetics, what is genotype vs phenotype?
Genotype: actual makeup (GG, gg, Gg, gG)
Phenotype: physical appearance or trait
In genetics, what is a homozygous vs heterozygous genes?
Homo: genes that are morphologically alike
Hetero: genes that are morphologically different
In genetics, what is a genome?
Totality of all genotypes for all traits in an organism
In genetics, what is a gene pool?
The sum total of all genotypes
In genetics, what is chromosomes?
Bundle of DNA
In genetics, what is an autosome?
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
In genetics, what is a sex chromose?
X and Y. Male have X & Y. Female have XX.
In genetics, what is a Punnett Square?
tool to predict the result in genetic crosses
What is taxonomy?
Theory of grouping and classifying of organisms
What is the hierarchy of taxonomy?
KPCOFGS
Kanye Puts Coffee On Finn’s Grape Sauce
Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Species
What are the different parts of a plant and describe them?
Roots - holds the plant in place and acts as an anchor. it also absorbs the nutrients
Stem: transports the nutrients to the leaves
Flowers: sexual organ of a plant
In flowers, define the petal, stamen, and pistil?
Petal attracts the insects and birds in helping to disperse the pollens
Stamen: Male reproductive organ that manufactures the pollens
Pistil: Female reproductive organ that has a stigma that captures the pollen
In seeds, what is a monocot and a dicot?
Monocot has one seed. Dicot has two.
In the circulatory system, define the following terms:
Respiration Nutrition Waste Removal Immunity Cellular Communication Thermoregulation
Respiration: delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from cells
Nutrition: carries digested food substances to the cells of the body
Waste removal: disposes of waste products
Immunity: helps protect the body from diseases
Cellular communication - mode of transport of hormones
Thermoregulation - transports heat throughout the body
What are the different parts of the circulatory system?
Heart - organ that pumps and regulate the flow of blood
Blood - circulating fluid and known as the river of life
Blood Vessels - has four kinds
- Arteries: thick-wall carries the the blood away from heart
- Capillaries: thinnest vessel where exchanging of materials happen
- Veins: carry blood towards the heart
- Valves: makes sure the blood moves in one direction
What is the respiratory system?
Acquisition of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide.
What is the digestive system?
Indigestion: intake of food
Digestion: physically and mechanically breakdown food
Absorption: absorbs the nutrients
Elimination: excretion of waste products
What is the nervous system?
Takes charge of the nerve functions and impulses
Central Nervous: composed of brain and the spine
Peripheral Nervous: consisted of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons, and nerves
What is the skeletal system?
It is the framework of the body and protects the vital organs
What is the excretory system?
Has kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
Kidneys: filter blood
Ureter: passageway of urine
Urinary Bladder: temporary storage of urine
Urethra: excretion of urine
What is ecology?
Study of interactions of living and non-living organisms in their environment and with each other.
What is an ecosystem?
The community where living things and non-living things interact.
What is a food chain?
A simple model of feeding relationship in an ecosystem.
What is a food web?`
Shows interconnectedness of different food chains.
What is an energy pyramid?
A picture that shows how energy is transferred from one trophic level to another.
What is symbiosis and what are the three kinds?
Any close relationship between species.
Mutualism: both benefit from each other
Commensalism: One benefits while other is unharmed
Parasitism: One benefits while the other is harmed
What is predation?
It is the interaction between a prey and a predator. Hunter and victim.
What is the nebular hypothesis?
It is the formation of the solar system.
What are asteroids?
Large chunks of matter that are irregular in shapes.
What are meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites?
Meteoroids are stony or metallic particles around the sun. Meteors are when they enter the Earth’s atmosphere. Meteorites are when they have fallen into the ground.
What are comets?
It possesses a tail and a nucleus that revolves around the sun in sharp and elliptical orbits.
What are the three layers of the Earth and describe them?
Crust: Thinnest and outermost layer of the Earth
Continental Crust: makes up the continent
Oceanic Crust: Covered by the oceans and seas
Mantle: thickest and middle layer
Core: innermost part of the Earth
Outer core: like a liquid
Inner core: solid
What are crustal plates/tectonic plates?
Rigid blocks of the Earth’s crust.
What is a divergent boundary vs convergent boundary?
Divergent: two tectonic plates move away from each other
Convergent: two tectonic plates collide
What is the subduction zone?
It is where one plate is pushed below another.
What is the transform fault boundary?
It is where two plates slide passively each other.
In earthquakes, what is focus vs epicenter?
Focus is where the earthquake originates.
Epicenter is the exact point above the focus.
In earthquakes, what is intensity vs magnitude?
Intensity is the damage caused.
Magnitude is the amount of energy released.
What is a seismograph?
A device that measure s the seismic waves caused by an earthquake.
What is a volcano?
it is a mountain or hill that has an opening from its summit to the Earth’s interior.
What is an active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes?
Active: erupted in the last 50 years
Dormant: sleeping volcano that can be awaken in the future
Extinct: will not erupt anymore
Differentiate lava vs lahar vs magma
Lava - molten rocks outside the Earth’s surface
Lahar - type of mud flow composed from different debris
Magma - molten rocks inside the Earth’s surface
Define the following terms: temperature, air pressure, humidity, and wind.
Temperature: Expresses the hotness or coldness of a place
Air pressure: measured by a barometer.
Humidity: amount of water or dampness in the air
Wind: the air moving across the earth’s surface caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere
What are the layers of the atmosphere?
Troposphere Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere
Troposphere is where the weather occurs
What is Isaac Newton’s three laws of motion?
1st Law: An object at rest will remain at rest or if in motion will maintain in motion
2nd Law: Force is directly proportional to the mass and acceleration
3rd Law: every force has an equal and opposite force
What is gravity?
Acceleration coming from the center of the Earth
What is friction?
Found between two objects that are in contact when they move
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy can beither be destroyed nor tranformed from one form to another
What is heat?
It is the motion of particles in a substance
Differentiate solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
Solid: Definite shape and particles are packed very closely
Liquid: No definite shape and particles are neither too far or too close from each other.
Gas: Fills up the space of the container
Plasma: Forms when materials are energized and they ought to turn products into a plasma stat
Differentiate conduction, convention, and radiation.
Conduction: heat moves from warmer areas to cooler areas
Convection: occurs in liquids and gases where the heat circulates and the temperature changes
Radiation: Occurs in gases and space where the earth’s surface absorbs the infrare radiation
What is sound?
It is caused by vibrating objects
Differentiate pitch, amplitude, and quality.
Pitch is the highness and lowness of the sound
Amplitude is the loudness of the sound
Quality tells what is the source of the sound
What is Physics?
it is the study concerning the nature and properties of matter and energy
What is Chemistry?
It is the study of elements and compounds.
Differentiate elements, compounds, mixture, and solutions.
Elements: simplest form of matter
Compounds: combination of different elements
Mixture: the result of mixing two materials together that are heterogynous
Solutions: mixing of two materials that are homogenous
