scienc Flashcards
Generally rocky and irregularly shaped celestial objects formed 4.6 billion years ago from the remnants of the formation of the solar system.
Asteroids
Also known as chondrite, mostly made of clay and silicates
C-type Asteroids
means stony, usually rocky and generally made up of nickel, iron, and other silicates
S-type Asteroids
means metallic, usually made up of pure nickel and iron
M-type Asteroids
Classification of Asteroids (Composition)
C type asteroids
S type asteroids
M type asteroids
Asteroids belt, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
Main Belt
Asteroids located near Jupiter Lagrange
Trojans
Asteroids that pass near Earth
Near-Earth Asteroids
Classification of Asteroids (Location)
Mainbelt
Trojans
Near-earth asteroids
Also known as dirty snowballs, are made up of frozen gases, rock, and dust
comett
Solid and known as the central part of the comet. Made up of rock, dust, and frozen gases
- Nucleus
Envelope or cloud around the nucleus that forms when gases in the nucleus sublimate due to the sun
- Coma
Created by radiation and solar wind pushing dust particles away from the coma
- Tail
Believed to come from the Oort Cloud (Named after Jan Oort, found at the outermost part of the solar system)
- Long-Period Comets
Believed to come from the Kuiper Belt (Located near the orbits of Neptune up to Pluto and beyond)
- Short-Period Comets
Classification of Comets
Long period Comets
Short pperiod comets
Debris that are usually rocky and metallic in nature that orbit the solar system
Meteoroids
Often called shooting stars is created when a meteoroid enters the atmosphere and burns up, creating a streak of light.
Meteor
Meteoroids large enough that reach the surface of the Earth
Meteorites
Pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
Element
Combination of two or more elements
Compound
Observable characteristic that describes an object or substance
Property
Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical composition
- Physical Properties
Properties of matter that depend on the amount of matter, volume, mass, size, weight, and length
- Extensive Properties
Observable changes in the physical property of matter while not changing into a new substance
- Physical Changes
Involves chemical reactions that result in the formation of new substances or products
- Chemical Change
Ability of a substance to undergo chemical changes to become a different kind of matter
- Chemical Property
– has a definite volume and a distinct shape given a certain temperature
Solid
Has a definite volume, but takes the shape of its container
Liquid
Has no definite volume and shape
Gas
Super heated gas. This happens through ionization
Plasma
Super-cooled gas; the opposite of Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Reversible physical change that makes the phase of matter change due to the absorption or the release of heat
Phase Change
Solid to Liquid
- Melting
Liquid to Solid
- Freezing or Solidification
Liquid to Gas
- Vaporization or Evaporation
Gas to Liquid
- Condensation
Solid to Gas
- Sublimation
Gas to Solid
- Deposition
Considered the smallest particle of matter
Atom
gave birth to the idea of an atom
Democritus
means “something that cannot be broken down any further
Atomos
Believied that matter was made up for four natural elements (Fire, Water, Air, and Earth)
Aristotle
Proposed the first atomic theory, which he wrote in his book A New System of Chemical Philosophy
John Dalton
Particle smaller than an atom in which scientists used experimental observations to establish its existence
Subatomic Particle
Negatively charged subatomic particles, discovered by J.J. Thomson
- Electron
Positively charged subatomic particles, discovered by Ernest Rutherford
- Proton
Neutrally charged subatomic particle
- Neutron
– Proposed by J.J. Thomson; states that the atom is a positively-charged sphere filled with negatively charged particles (electrons)
Plum Pudding Model
Proposed by Ernest Rutherford; state that the atom consists of the nucleus with a proton inside it, surrounded by electrons
Nuclear Model
Proposed by Niels Bohr; Proposes the electrons move around the nucleus in orbits known as energy levels
Planetary Model
Equivalent to the number of protons in its nucleus
Atomic Number –
Combined number of protons and neutrons in an elements nucleus
Mass Number
Electrically charged atoms
Ions
Atom that gains an electron, thus being negatively charged
Anion
Atom that loses an electron, thus being positively charged
Cation
Pictorial representations of the electrons in an atom
Orbital Diagrams
– A lower energy orbital should be filled first before the next higher energy orbital
Aufbau Principle
No two electrons can have exactly the same set of quantum numbers
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Every orbital of the same energy must be singly occupied with one electron before any orbital is doubly occupied
Hund’s Rule
