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Deca Science > Sci 3 > Flashcards

Sci 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five basic types of reactions?

A

synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion

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2
Q

What distinguishes the five basic types of reactions?

A

pattern of atom rearrangement

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3
Q

What are synthesis reactions also called?

A

combination reactions

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4
Q

What do double replacement reactions involve?

A

two ionic compounds in a solution trading ions

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5
Q

Give an example of double replacement reactions

A

AB + CD to AD +CB

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6
Q

What does the format of a single replacement reaction depend on?

A

Whether or not the replacement atom is a metal

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7
Q

What are the two single replacement reaction formats?

A

M + BC to MC + B or N + BC to BN + C

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8
Q

What was the process in which alchemists tried to form gold out of base metals?

A

transmutation

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9
Q

What field was Johann Baptista van Helmont involved in?

A

medical chemistry

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10
Q

What was Van Helmont notably opposed to?

A

alchemy and element transmutation

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11
Q

What cause drove Van Helmont?

A

understanding disease

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12
Q

What term did Van Helmont introduce?

A

gas

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13
Q

What seventeenth century physician anticipated the law of conservation of mass?

A

Van Helmont

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14
Q

What was Van Helmont’s profession?

A

physician

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15
Q

Who conclusively demonstrated the law of conservation of mass?

A

Antoine Lavoisier

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16
Q

What five scientists in France and Britain supported van Helmont’s ideas?

A

Robert Boyle, Joseph Black, Henry Cavendish, Joseph Priestley, and Antoine Lavoisier

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17
Q

What theory made it difficult to determine what caused matter to change form?

A

phlogiston theory

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18
Q

Did scientists believe that phlogiston could be detected?

A

no

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19
Q

What question was notable in disproving phlogiston theory?

A

why air is required for combustion

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20
Q

Who developed a scientific explanation for combustion that refuted phlogiston theory?

A

Lavoisier

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21
Q

What did Lavoisier heat to form mercury and a gas?

A

mercury calx

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22
Q

What did Lavoisier discover in his experiment with mercury and calx?

A

the total mass remained constant when it changed form

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23
Q

What did Lavoisier call the metal calxes?

A

metal oxides

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24
Q

Who is often called the father of modern chemistry?

A

Lavoisier

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25
Q

Who discovered that air is composed primarily of oxygen and nitrogen?

A

Lavoisier

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26
Q

who discovered that water cannot be converted into earth?

A

Lavoisier

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27
Q

What did Svante Arrhenius believe happened to acids in water?

A

they break apart to yield a hydrogen ion (+)

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28
Q

What did Arrhenius believe happened to bases in water?

A

they break apart to yield a hydroxide ion (-)

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29
Q

What could Arrhenius’s theory about acids and bases not explain?

A

Why molecules like ammonia were basic when they did not contain OH

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30
Q

How do Bronsted and Lawry define an acid?

A

any reactant that donates a hydrogen ion in a reaction

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31
Q

How do Bronsted and Lawry define a base?

A

any hydrogen acceptor in a reaction

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32
Q

When NH3 reacts with water, what do water and ammonia act as?

A

ammonia acts as a base and water acts as an acid

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33
Q

What does ammonia become when it reacts with water?

A

positive ammonium ion

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34
Q

Why is an ammonia, water reaction solution basic?

A

ammonia takes a hydrogen from water, forming a hydroxide ion

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35
Q

What can water become when it accepts a hydrogen ion?

A

A base (hydronium ion)

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36
Q

What is a molecule that can act either as an acid or a base called?

A

amphoteric

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37
Q

How is pH defined?

A

the concentration of hydronium ions in units of moles per liter

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38
Q

What is the equation for pH?

A

-log[hydronium ion]

39
Q

How is H30+ typically abbreviated?

A

h+

40
Q

What is the range of the pH scale?

A

0-14

41
Q

A substance with pH below seven is ____

A

acidic

42
Q

A basic solution has very little __

A

hydrogen ions

43
Q

what is the pH of pure water?

A

7

44
Q

Acid-base reactions are a type of ___ replacement reaction

A

double

45
Q

what do an acid and base yield?

A

salt an water

46
Q

What two molecules react to form NaCl?

A

HCl and NaOH

47
Q

What two molecules react to form KBr?

A

HBr and KOH

48
Q

What is the process called in which the pH of a solution is measured as acids and bases are mixed together?

A

titration

49
Q

What device on the buret allows solutions to be added by drops?

A

stopcock

50
Q

When performing a titration, someone might use a _____ flask

A

erlenmeyer

51
Q

Is the acid usually in the flask or the buret when performing a titration?

A

flask

52
Q

What point is reached when the moles of acid and moles of base are exactly equal to each other?

A

equivalence point (endpoint of titration)

53
Q

What do chemists use to identify an equivalence point?

A

a pH indicator

54
Q

what alternative to titrations is available?

A

pH meter

55
Q

When an acid substance is diprotic, what does it have?

A

two hydrogens

56
Q

When an acid substance is triprotic, what does it have?

A

three hydrogens

57
Q

What is the process in which salt ions interact with water molecules called?

A

hydrolysis

58
Q

What is an anion?

A

negatively charge ion

59
Q

What is a cation?

A

positively charge ion

60
Q

What is a conjugate acid?

A

chemical compound formed when an acid donates a proton (H+) to a base

61
Q

If the anion of the salt reacts with water and produces the conjugate acid of the anion, then the solution will be ___

A

basic

62
Q

If the cation of the salt reacts with water to form the conjugate base and a hydrogen ion, then the solution will be ___

A

acidic

63
Q

What do anions of weak acids typically form?

A

basic salts

64
Q

What type of raction are precipitation reactions?

A

replacement reactions

65
Q

In precipitation reactions, what occurrence is notable?

A

solid precipitate forms

66
Q

In precipitation reactions, what are the ions that do not form precipitates called?

A

spectator ions

67
Q

Look at solubility rules, page 60

A

Done

68
Q

What does the precipitation of metal hydroxide depend on?

A

the concentration of oh

69
Q

Why do farmers need to add acidic or basic substances to their soils?

A

to optimize the dissolution of nutrients

70
Q

One well known contaminant which is also a precipitate is ___

A

mercury

71
Q

What type of salt was commonly used in processing photographs?

A

silver halide salts

72
Q

what were silver halide salts complexezd with to be precipitated as?

A

sodium thiosulfate

73
Q

What is transferred in redox reactions?

A

electrons

74
Q

How many valence electrons does sodium have?

A

1

75
Q

What are redox reactions useful for?

A

running batteries

76
Q

What is the oxidation number for an element?

A

the number of electrons that need to be added or subtracted in its combined state for it to have the number of electrons in its free, neutral state

77
Q

What oxidation number do group 1 elements have?

A

+1

78
Q

What is the oxidation number of oxygen?

A

-2

79
Q

In what cases does H have an oxidation number of -1?

A

metal hydrides

80
Q

In what cases does O have an oxidation number of -1?

A

peroxides

81
Q

What is the most common example of electroplating?

A

chrome plating

82
Q

What is the tendency of an electron to leave or join an atom measured in?

A

volts

83
Q

What is the energy measured in volts called?

A

cell potential

84
Q

What state is a battery in when it is run down?

A

equilibrium

85
Q

What are the the two sides with reactions occurring in a galvanic cell called?

A

anode and cathode

86
Q

Who invented the earliest reliable battery?

A

JF Daniell

87
Q

Who is most frequently given credit for inventing electroplating?

A

Luigi Brugnatelli

88
Q

What did Galvani believe about electricity?

A

It originated from organisms

89
Q

Who believed that electricity came from the metals, not the frogs?

A

Alessandro Volta

90
Q

Who built the first voltaic pile?

A

Alessandro Volta

91
Q

Who discovered electroplating?

A

Luigi Brugnatelli

92
Q

What did Brugnatelli first use for electroplating?

A

gold

93
Q

When did electroplating become widely used in industry?

A

1840s

Deca Science (8 decks)

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