Sci 3

Question 1

What are the five basic types of reactions?

Answer 1

synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion

Question 2

What distinguishes the five basic types of reactions?

Answer 2

pattern of atom rearrangement

Question 3

What are synthesis reactions also called?

Answer 3

combination reactions

Question 4

What do double replacement reactions involve?

Answer 4

two ionic compounds in a solution trading ions

Question 5

Give an example of double replacement reactions

Answer 5

AB + CD to AD +CB

Question 6

What does the format of a single replacement reaction depend on?

Answer 6

Whether or not the replacement atom is a metal

Question 7

What are the two single replacement reaction formats?

Answer 7

M + BC to MC + B or N + BC to BN + C

Question 8

What was the process in which alchemists tried to form gold out of base metals?

Answer 8

transmutation

Question 9

What field was Johann Baptista van Helmont involved in?

Answer 9

medical chemistry

Question 10

What was Van Helmont notably opposed to?

Answer 10

alchemy and element transmutation

Question 11

What cause drove Van Helmont?

Answer 11

understanding disease

Question 12

What term did Van Helmont introduce?

Answer 12

gas

Question 13

What seventeenth century physician anticipated the law of conservation of mass?

Answer 13

Van Helmont

Question 14

What was Van Helmont’s profession?

Answer 14

physician

Question 15

Who conclusively demonstrated the law of conservation of mass?

Answer 15

Antoine Lavoisier

Question 16

What five scientists in France and Britain supported van Helmont’s ideas?

Answer 16

Robert Boyle, Joseph Black, Henry Cavendish, Joseph Priestley, and Antoine Lavoisier

Question 17

What theory made it difficult to determine what caused matter to change form?

Answer 17

phlogiston theory

Question 18

Did scientists believe that phlogiston could be detected?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

What question was notable in disproving phlogiston theory?

Answer 19

why air is required for combustion

Question 20

Who developed a scientific explanation for combustion that refuted phlogiston theory?

Answer 20

Lavoisier

Question 21

What did Lavoisier heat to form mercury and a gas?

Answer 21

mercury calx

Question 22

What did Lavoisier discover in his experiment with mercury and calx?

Answer 22

the total mass remained constant when it changed form

Question 23

What did Lavoisier call the metal calxes?

Answer 23

metal oxides

Question 24

Who is often called the father of modern chemistry?

Answer 24

Lavoisier

Question 25

Who discovered that air is composed primarily of oxygen and nitrogen?

Answer 25

Lavoisier

Question 26

who discovered that water cannot be converted into earth?

Answer 26

Lavoisier

Question 27

What did Svante Arrhenius believe happened to acids in water?

Answer 27

they break apart to yield a hydrogen ion (+)

Question 28

What did Arrhenius believe happened to bases in water?

Answer 28

they break apart to yield a hydroxide ion (-)

Question 29

What could Arrhenius's theory about acids and bases not explain?

Answer 29

Why molecules like ammonia were basic when they did not contain OH

Question 30

How do Bronsted and Lawry define an acid?

Answer 30

any reactant that donates a hydrogen ion in a reaction

Question 31

How do Bronsted and Lawry define a base?

Answer 31

any hydrogen acceptor in a reaction

Question 32

When NH3 reacts with water, what do water and ammonia act as?

Answer 32

ammonia acts as a base and water acts as an acid

Question 33

What does ammonia become when it reacts with water?

Answer 33

positive ammonium ion

Question 34

Why is an ammonia, water reaction solution basic?

Answer 34

ammonia takes a hydrogen from water, forming a hydroxide ion

Question 35

What can water become when it accepts a hydrogen ion?

Answer 35

A base (hydronium ion)

Question 36

What is a molecule that can act either as an acid or a base called?

Answer 36

amphoteric

Question 37

How is pH defined?

Answer 37

the concentration of hydronium ions in units of moles per liter

Question 38

What is the equation for pH?

Answer 38

-log[hydronium ion]

Question 39

How is H30+ typically abbreviated?

Answer 39

h+

Question 40

What is the range of the pH scale?

Answer 40

0-14

Question 41

A substance with pH below seven is ____

Answer 41

acidic

Question 42

A basic solution has very little __

Answer 42

hydrogen ions

Question 43

what is the pH of pure water?

Answer 43

7

Question 44

Acid-base reactions are a type of ___ replacement reaction

Answer 44

double

Question 45

what do an acid and base yield?

Answer 45

salt an water

Question 46

What two molecules react to form NaCl?

Answer 46

HCl and NaOH

Question 47

What two molecules react to form KBr?

Answer 47

HBr and KOH

Question 48

What is the process called in which the pH of a solution is measured as acids and bases are mixed together?

Answer 48

titration

Question 49

What device on the buret allows solutions to be added by drops?

Answer 49

stopcock

Question 50

When performing a titration, someone might use a _____ flask

Answer 50

erlenmeyer

Question 51

Is the acid usually in the flask or the buret when performing a titration?

Answer 51

flask

Question 52

What point is reached when the moles of acid and moles of base are exactly equal to each other?

Answer 52

equivalence point (endpoint of titration)

Question 53

What do chemists use to identify an equivalence point?

Answer 53

a pH indicator

Question 54

what alternative to titrations is available?

Answer 54

pH meter

Question 55

When an acid substance is diprotic, what does it have?

Answer 55

two hydrogens

Question 56

When an acid substance is triprotic, what does it have?

Answer 56

three hydrogens

Question 57

What is the process in which salt ions interact with water molecules called?

Answer 57

hydrolysis

Question 58

What is an anion?

Answer 58

negatively charge ion

Question 59

What is a cation?

Answer 59

positively charge ion

Question 60

What is a conjugate acid?

Answer 60

chemical compound formed when an acid donates a proton (H+) to a base

Question 61

If the anion of the salt reacts with water and produces the conjugate acid of the anion, then the solution will be ___

Answer 61

basic

Question 62

If the cation of the salt reacts with water to form the conjugate base and a hydrogen ion, then the solution will be ___

Answer 62

acidic

Question 63

What do anions of weak acids typically form?

Answer 63

basic salts

Question 64

What type of raction are precipitation reactions?

Answer 64

replacement reactions

Question 65

In precipitation reactions, what occurrence is notable?

Answer 65

solid precipitate forms

Question 66

In precipitation reactions, what are the ions that do not form precipitates called?

Answer 66

spectator ions

Question 67

Look at solubility rules, page 60

Answer 67

Done

Question 68

What does the precipitation of metal hydroxide depend on?

Answer 68

the concentration of oh

Question 69

Why do farmers need to add acidic or basic substances to their soils?

Answer 69

to optimize the dissolution of nutrients

Question 70

One well known contaminant which is also a precipitate is ___

Answer 70

mercury

Question 71

What type of salt was commonly used in processing photographs?

Answer 71

silver halide salts

Question 72

what were silver halide salts complexezd with to be precipitated as?

Answer 72

sodium thiosulfate

Question 73

What is transferred in redox reactions?

Answer 73

electrons

Question 74

How many valence electrons does sodium have?

Answer 74

1

Question 75

What are redox reactions useful for?

Answer 75

running batteries

Question 76

What is the oxidation number for an element?

Answer 76

the number of electrons that need to be added or subtracted in its combined state for it to have the number of electrons in its free, neutral state

Question 77

What oxidation number do group 1 elements have?

Answer 77

+1

Question 78

What is the oxidation number of oxygen?

Answer 78

-2

Question 79

In what cases does H have an oxidation number of -1?

Answer 79

metal hydrides

Question 80

In what cases does O have an oxidation number of -1?

Answer 80

peroxides

Question 81

What is the most common example of electroplating?

Answer 81

chrome plating

Question 82

What is the tendency of an electron to leave or join an atom measured in?

Answer 82

volts

Question 83

What is the energy measured in volts called?

Answer 83

cell potential

Question 84

What state is a battery in when it is run down?

Answer 84

equilibrium

Question 85

What are the the two sides with reactions occurring in a galvanic cell called?

Answer 85

anode and cathode

Question 86

Who invented the earliest reliable battery?

Answer 86

JF Daniell

Question 87

Who is most frequently given credit for inventing electroplating?

Answer 87

Luigi Brugnatelli

Question 88

What did Galvani believe about electricity?

Answer 88

It originated from organisms

Question 89

Who believed that electricity came from the metals, not the frogs?

Answer 89

Alessandro Volta

Question 90

Who built the first voltaic pile?

Answer 90

Alessandro Volta

Question 91

Who discovered electroplating?

Answer 91

Luigi Brugnatelli

Question 92

What did Brugnatelli first use for electroplating?

Answer 92

gold

Question 93

When did electroplating become widely used in industry?

Answer 93

1840s