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Deca Science > Sci 1 > Flashcards

Sci 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three components of a mass spectrometer

A

ion source, mass analyzer, and detector

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2
Q

What three areas of interest did John Dalton have?

A

chemistry, meteorology, physics

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3
Q

What Greek philosopher first proposed the concept of atomism?

A

Leucippus

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4
Q

Who Democritus a student of?

A

Leucippus

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5
Q

For how long did Dalton maintain daily records of teh weather?

A

57 years

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6
Q

When did Dalton start keeping daily records of weather?

A

1787

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7
Q

What interest was sparked by Dalton’s interest in weather?

A

gas

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8
Q

Where did Dalton first present his papers on gases and their behavior?

A

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society

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9
Q

What did Dalton’s law of partial pressures state?

A

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of each individual gas

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10
Q

Which two French chemists did Dalton draw on?

A

Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Louis Proust

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11
Q

Who confirmed that burning hydrogen produced water?

A

Cavendish

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12
Q

During what two centuries did the Scientific Revolution occur?

A

sixteenth and seventeenth

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13
Q

With what Greek philosopher is the four elements view associated?

A

aristotle

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14
Q

What field did chemistry primarily overlap with in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

A

alchemy

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15
Q

What did scientific study transition towards in the seventeenth century?

A

empiricism

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16
Q

In what way did chemists first perform calculations of the mass of an atom?

A

measuring the relative masses of atoms in a compound

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17
Q

What is the mass ratio of HF?

A

1:19

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18
Q

What instrument do chemists use to measure the mass of an atom?

A

mass spectrometer

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19
Q

What type of ions are typically used in a mass spectrometer?

A

positive

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20
Q

What method of detection do airport spectrometers often use?

A

cycling magnetic field

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21
Q

During what century did Leucippus live?

A

fifth

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22
Q

Who proposed the law of conservation of mass?

A

Lavoisier

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23
Q

When was Proust’s law of definite proportions put forth?

A

1799

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24
Q

What does Proust’s law of definite proportions state?

A

a substance is always composed of the same proportion of each element

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25
Q

Who proposed the law of multiple proportions?

A

Dalton

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26
Q

When was A New System of Chemical Philosophy published?

A

1808

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27
Q

Who wrote A New System of Chemical Philosophy?

A

Dalton

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28
Q

What two flaws of Dalton’s theories are noted in the guide?

A

Different isotopes can have different masses and atoms can be broken down further

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29
Q

What is the arrangement of protons and neutrons forming a nucleus called?

A

nuclide

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30
Q

What is the top number in the symbol for isotopes?

A

mass number

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31
Q

what is the bottom number in the symbol for isotopes?

A

proton number

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32
Q

At what mass are carbon atoms radioactive?

A

14

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33
Q

What is the atomic mass of Hydrogen?

A

1

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34
Q

What is the atomic mass of helium?

A

4

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35
Q

What is the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen?

A

1:6,500

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36
Q

What nuclide is most commonly use in fusion reactors?

A

deuterium

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37
Q

What isotope is deuterium combined with in fusion reactors?

A

tritium

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38
Q

What is the half life of C-14?

A

5,730 years

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39
Q

What is the half life of cobalt 60?

A

5.3 years

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40
Q

Who created the atomic model with stationary orbits for neutrons?

A

Bohr

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41
Q

How many electrons can occupy the same exact orbit?

A

two

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42
Q

What is the atomic model called in which electrons are not at exact distances and do not rotate in orbits?

A

quantum mechanical model

43
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

A photon transfer energy to an electron which is emitted from a metal surface

44
Q

What device uses the photoelectric effect?

A

digital cameras

45
Q

What experiment showed the wave properties of electrons?

A

Davisson-Germer experiment

46
Q

What occurred in the Davisson-Germer experiment?

A

electrons scattered from a nickel crystal

47
Q

How many groups are on the periodic table?

A

18

48
Q

How many “A” groups are in the periodic table?

A

8

49
Q

How many “B” groups are in the periodic table?

A

10

50
Q

When does a new period begin?

A

When a new orbital is formed

51
Q

When does a new period begin?

A

left to right

52
Q

Are nitrogen or carbon atoms smaller?

A

nitrogen

53
Q

What is the energy required to entirely remove an outer electron from an atom called?

A

ionization energy

54
Q

Ionization energy increases from __ to __ on the periodic table

A

left to right

55
Q

Does nitrogen or carbon have a higher ionization energy?

A

nitrogen

56
Q

Are the elements of periods or groups more similar?

A

groups

57
Q

Does ionization energy increase or decrease down a group of the periodic table?

A

decrease

58
Q

does electron affinity increase or decrease down a group?

A

decrease

59
Q

Who devised a method of evaluating electronegativity?

A

Pauling

60
Q

Do pauling electronegativities increase or decrease going down groups in the table?

A

decrease

61
Q

What type of bond will two atoms form if the difference in their electronegativies is large?

A

ionic

62
Q

What do atoms with electronegativity differences between .5 and 1.8 form?

A

polar covalent bond

63
Q

What do dipole moments provide a measure of?

A

molecule’s polarity

64
Q

What is a group of atoms held together by a strong covalent bond called?

A

molecule

65
Q

What causes the high boiling point of water?

A

strong intermolecular forces

66
Q

What is the boiling point of methane?

A

-162 c

67
Q

What is the force of attraction between positive and negative charges called?

A

electrostatic force

68
Q

What are the three types of bonds?

A

ionic, covalent, or metallic

69
Q

What is a metal called when more than one element is present?

A

alloy

70
Q

What two elements make up brass?

A

copper and zinc

71
Q

What do molecules with partial charges permanently have?

A

van der Waals forces

72
Q

When are molecules said to be polar?

A

a permanent distance can be measured between the positive and negative charge centers

73
Q

What type of temporary dipole is given in the guide?

A

induced dipole

74
Q

who explored induced dipoles?

A

Fritz London

75
Q

What are induced dipoles known as?

A

London dispersion forces

76
Q

What type of molecules can London dispersion forces occur between?

A

nonpolar

77
Q

When are hydrogen bonds formed?

A

electronegative atom bonds with a hydrogen that is covalently bonded to another strongly electronegative atom

78
Q

What two scientists first created a model of DNA based on X-ray studies?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

79
Q

Who conducted the X-ray studies of DNA used by Watson and Crick?

A

Franklin and Wilkins

80
Q

Who unwittingly produced hydrogen in the sixteenth century?

A

Paracelsus

81
Q

What did Robert Boyle discover about hydrogen?

A

it was much less dense than air

82
Q

Who identified hydrogen “as an element distinct from other gases?”

A

Henry Cavendish

83
Q

What was flammable air also known as in the eighteenth century?

A

phlogiston

84
Q

Who named hydrogen?

A

Antoine Lavoisier

85
Q

What type of bond creates a three-dimensional structure?

A

ionic bond

86
Q

How many covalent bonds can carbon hold?

A

four

87
Q

What is an example of a covalent network?

A

diamond

88
Q

What is movement over long distances called?

A

translational motion

89
Q

Where was Gilber Lewis a chemist?

A

University of California

90
Q

What is the number of electrons involved in bonding called?

A

Valence

91
Q

What is usually shown in a lewis structure?

A

valence electrons

92
Q

What are electron pairs that are not involved in bonding called?

A

lone pairs

93
Q

What kind of bond is formed when an atom overlaps one electron orbital?

A

single covalent

94
Q

What kind of bond is formed when an atom overlaps two electron orbitals?

A

double covalent

95
Q

What is the process in which two electron orbitals combine to form new orbitals called?

A

hybridization

96
Q

What process can be used to rationalize the symmetric shapes of many molecules?

A

hybridization

97
Q

What kind of molecular orbital is formed when formed when the MO is concentrated along a line connecting the atoms?

A

sigma bond

98
Q

What kind of molecular orbital is formed when the electron wave shape is between the atoms but away from the center line?

A

pi bond

99
Q

What type of MO is formed when 1s AOs overlap?

A

sigma

100
Q

What type of MO is formed when p AOs overlap?

A

pi

101
Q

How is oxidation state calculated?

A

comparing charges before and after bonding or ionization

102
Q

What does VSEPR stand for?

A

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model

103
Q

What does the VSEPR Model propose?

A

negatively charged electron pairs will mutually repel one another in three dimensions

Deca Science (8 decks)

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