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Sci 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of a mass spectrometer

A

ion source, mass analyzer, and detector

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2
Q

What three areas of interest did John Dalton have?

A

chemistry, meteorology, physics

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3
Q

What Greek philosopher first proposed the concept of atomism?

A

Leucippus

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4
Q

Who Democritus a student of?

A

Leucippus

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5
Q

For how long did Dalton maintain daily records of teh weather?

A

57 years

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6
Q

When did Dalton start keeping daily records of weather?

A

1787

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7
Q

What interest was sparked by Dalton’s interest in weather?

A

gas

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8
Q

Where did Dalton first present his papers on gases and their behavior?

A

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society

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9
Q

What did Dalton’s law of partial pressures state?

A

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of each individual gas

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10
Q

Which two French chemists did Dalton draw on?

A

Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Louis Proust

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11
Q

Who confirmed that burning hydrogen produced water?

A

Cavendish

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12
Q

During what two centuries did the Scientific Revolution occur?

A

sixteenth and seventeenth

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13
Q

With what Greek philosopher is the four elements view associated?

A

aristotle

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14
Q

What field did chemistry primarily overlap with in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

A

alchemy

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15
Q

What did scientific study transition towards in the seventeenth century?

A

empiricism

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16
Q

In what way did chemists first perform calculations of the mass of an atom?

A

measuring the relative masses of atoms in a compound

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17
Q

What is the mass ratio of HF?

A

1:19

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18
Q

What instrument do chemists use to measure the mass of an atom?

A

mass spectrometer

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19
Q

What type of ions are typically used in a mass spectrometer?

A

positive

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20
Q

What method of detection do airport spectrometers often use?

A

cycling magnetic field

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21
Q

During what century did Leucippus live?

A

fifth

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22
Q

Who proposed the law of conservation of mass?

A

Lavoisier

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23
Q

When was Proust’s law of definite proportions put forth?

A

1799

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24
Q

What does Proust’s law of definite proportions state?

A

a substance is always composed of the same proportion of each element

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25
Who proposed the law of multiple proportions?
Dalton
26
When was A New System of Chemical Philosophy published?
1808
27
Who wrote A New System of Chemical Philosophy?
Dalton
28
What two flaws of Dalton's theories are noted in the guide?
Different isotopes can have different masses and atoms can be broken down further
29
What is the arrangement of protons and neutrons forming a nucleus called?
nuclide
30
What is the top number in the symbol for isotopes?
mass number
31
what is the bottom number in the symbol for isotopes?
proton number
32
At what mass are carbon atoms radioactive?
14
33
What is the atomic mass of Hydrogen?
1
34
What is the atomic mass of helium?
4
35
What is the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen?
1:6,500
36
What nuclide is most commonly use in fusion reactors?
deuterium
37
What isotope is deuterium combined with in fusion reactors?
tritium
38
What is the half life of C-14?
5,730 years
39
What is the half life of cobalt 60?
5.3 years
40
Who created the atomic model with stationary orbits for neutrons?
Bohr
41
How many electrons can occupy the same exact orbit?
two
42
What is the atomic model called in which electrons are not at exact distances and do not rotate in orbits?
quantum mechanical model
43
What is the photoelectric effect?
A photon transfer energy to an electron which is emitted from a metal surface
44
What device uses the photoelectric effect?
digital cameras
45
What experiment showed the wave properties of electrons?
Davisson-Germer experiment
46
What occurred in the Davisson-Germer experiment?
electrons scattered from a nickel crystal
47
How many groups are on the periodic table?
18
48
How many "A" groups are in the periodic table?
8
49
How many "B" groups are in the periodic table?
10
50
When does a new period begin?
When a new orbital is formed
51
When does a new period begin?
left to right
52
Are nitrogen or carbon atoms smaller?
nitrogen
53
What is the energy required to entirely remove an outer electron from an atom called?
ionization energy
54
Ionization energy increases from __ to __ on the periodic table
left to right
55
Does nitrogen or carbon have a higher ionization energy?
nitrogen
56
Are the elements of periods or groups more similar?
groups
57
Does ionization energy increase or decrease down a group of the periodic table?
decrease
58
does electron affinity increase or decrease down a group?
decrease
59
Who devised a method of evaluating electronegativity?
Pauling
60
Do pauling electronegativities increase or decrease going down groups in the table?
decrease
61
What type of bond will two atoms form if the difference in their electronegativies is large?
ionic
62
What do atoms with electronegativity differences between .5 and 1.8 form?
polar covalent bond
63
What do dipole moments provide a measure of?
molecule's polarity
64
What is a group of atoms held together by a strong covalent bond called?
molecule
65
What causes the high boiling point of water?
strong intermolecular forces
66
What is the boiling point of methane?
-162 c
67
What is the force of attraction between positive and negative charges called?
electrostatic force
68
What are the three types of bonds?
ionic, covalent, or metallic
69
What is a metal called when more than one element is present?
alloy
70
What two elements make up brass?
copper and zinc
71
What do molecules with partial charges permanently have?
van der Waals forces
72
When are molecules said to be polar?
a permanent distance can be measured between the positive and negative charge centers
73
What type of temporary dipole is given in the guide?
induced dipole
74
who explored induced dipoles?
Fritz London
75
What are induced dipoles known as?
London dispersion forces
76
What type of molecules can London dispersion forces occur between?
nonpolar
77
When are hydrogen bonds formed?
electronegative atom bonds with a hydrogen that is covalently bonded to another strongly electronegative atom
78
What two scientists first created a model of DNA based on X-ray studies?
James Watson and Francis Crick
79
Who conducted the X-ray studies of DNA used by Watson and Crick?
Franklin and Wilkins
80
Who unwittingly produced hydrogen in the sixteenth century?
Paracelsus
81
What did Robert Boyle discover about hydrogen?
it was much less dense than air
82
Who identified hydrogen "as an element distinct from other gases?"
Henry Cavendish
83
What was flammable air also known as in the eighteenth century?
phlogiston
84
Who named hydrogen?
Antoine Lavoisier
85
What type of bond creates a three-dimensional structure?
ionic bond
86
How many covalent bonds can carbon hold?
four
87
What is an example of a covalent network?
diamond
88
What is movement over long distances called?
translational motion
89
Where was Gilber Lewis a chemist?
University of California
90
What is the number of electrons involved in bonding called?
Valence
91
What is usually shown in a lewis structure?
valence electrons
92
What are electron pairs that are not involved in bonding called?
lone pairs
93
What kind of bond is formed when an atom overlaps one electron orbital?
single covalent
94
What kind of bond is formed when an atom overlaps two electron orbitals?
double covalent
95
What is the process in which two electron orbitals combine to form new orbitals called?
hybridization
96
What process can be used to rationalize the symmetric shapes of many molecules?
hybridization
97
What kind of molecular orbital is formed when formed when the MO is concentrated along a line connecting the atoms?
sigma bond
98
What kind of molecular orbital is formed when the electron wave shape is between the atoms but away from the center line?
pi bond
99
What type of MO is formed when 1s AOs overlap?
sigma
100
What type of MO is formed when p AOs overlap?
pi
101
How is oxidation state calculated?
comparing charges before and after bonding or ionization
102
What does VSEPR stand for?
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model
103
What does the VSEPR Model propose?
negatively charged electron pairs will mutually repel one another in three dimensions

Deca Science (8 decks)

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