Sci 2 Flashcards by Max Zabriskie

What is a mixture that looks like a single substance called?

solution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During what two centuries was the behavior of gases heavily explored?

seventeenth and eighteenth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Boyle’s law?

The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure when the number of gas molecules and the temperature remain constant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Charles’s law

at constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is proportional to its absolute temperature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

At what temperature (celsius) does zero volume occur?

-273

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

At what temperature is absolute 0?

0 k (-273 c)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What equation combines Boyle’s and Charles’ laws?

PV/T=CD

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What interest primarily motivated Jacques Charles?

hot air balloons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Anglo-Irish chemist’s work did Jacques Charles study?

Robert Boyle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did Charles use to fuel balloon flight?

Hydrogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What two engineers did Charles work with for his first balloon?

Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis Robert

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When was the first hydrogen-powered balloon launched?

August 27 1783

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How long did the first hydrogen-powered balloon flight last?

forty five minutes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When did the first manned balloon flight take place?

December 1, 1783

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who was on board the first manned balloon flight?

Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why did Charles stop balloon flights?

ear pain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was the hydrogen balloon known as?

Charliere

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Jacques Charles best known for?

work with gases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who credited Charles with discovering Charles’s Law?

Joseph-Louis Gay Lussac

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How could the relationship between moles and pressure be described?

Directly proportional

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases?

The actual volume of gas volumes is negligible, molecules are all moving, but at different speeds, no attraction or repulsion exists between one molecule and another, gas pressure results from collisions of molecules with the walls of the container

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Using the assumptions of the KMT, what equation gives force?

F=mu^2/l, where m is mass, u is speed towards wall, and l is length (meters)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does Force/area equal?

pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the molecular theory of matter suggest as the determinant of matter states?

number of molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Avogadro's Law

Equal volumes of an ideal gas contain equal numbers of particles

Avogadro's Law conclusion

volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas

What is the mole based on?

number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12

What is Avogadro's number?

6.022x10^23

Who actually determined Avogadro's number?

Jean Baptiste Perrin

In what year was Avogadro's number estimated by Perrin?

1909

What did Avogadro propose that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to?

number of moles of a gas

What was the original definition of a mole?

number of molecules in a volume of 22.4 liters at 1 atmosphere and 273 K

What would be the mass of one of Avogadro's number of helium atoms?

4 grams

What is helium's molar mass?

4 g/mol

What is the molar mass of methane?

16 g/mol

What is the energy of motion directly related to?

temperature

What does the energy of a molecule equal?

3/2 kT

what is k in the formula for the energy of a molecule?

Boltzmann constant

What is the molar mass of NaCl?

58.5 g/mol

What is the ideal gas equation?

PV = (1/3M)x(3RT/M)=RT

What German Swedish chemist is partially credited with discovering Oxygen?

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

When was O2 first produced by a scientist?

1772

Who was the first scientist to produce O2?

Scheele

What did Scheele call O2?

fire-air

Who heated mercuric oxide and observed its interaction with flames?

Joseph Priestly

What did Priestly believe materials emitted as they were heated?

phlogiston

Who is most often credited with the discovery of oxygen?

Joseph Priestly

How many gases did Priestly discover?

eight

Who wrote a letter to Antoine Lavoisier describing his experiments with oxygen?

Shceele

Who firstcame to an understanding of how combustion worked?

Lavoisier

What are the three key assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory?

gas molecules have no volume, there are no intermolecular forces between molecules, only kinetic energy is transferred

Who developed an equation to monitor the behavior of non-ideal gases?

Johannes van der Waals

what does van der Waals' a-value account for?

attraction that gas molecules have for each other during collisions

what does van der Waals' b-value account for?

volume of the gas molecules

What do good choices for refrigerator liquids have?

high van der Waals constants

What was used for refrigeration for many years?

CFCs

What are CFCs no longer used?

ozone layer depletion

What two gases are often now used in fridges?

Ammonia and carbon dioxide

Does octane have notably weak or strong forces between molecules?

weak

What are the four types of solids

ionic lattice, covalent network, molecular, metallic

When a chemical compound or element can have several different solid forms, what are the different forms called?

allotropes

Is graphite an insulator or a conductor?

conductor

Is diamond an insulator or a conductor?

insulator

What is the most stable form of carbon?

graphite

What is natural carbon formed from?

graphite

What type of molecule has the most closely packed structure?

pure metals

What makes pure metals pure?

having one element

What type of structure do metals have?

crystalline

How are the three forms of metals determined?

the number of similar particles at the nearest distance an ato mhas

What are the three simplest structures seen in a pure metal?

body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and close-packed hexagonal

Name one example of body-centered cubic metal structure

iron

Name one example of face-centered cubic

silver

Name one example of close-packed hexagonal

zinc

How many nearest neighbors does body-centered cubic structure have?

How many nearest neighbors do face-centered and close-packed hexagonal have?

What makes some metals softer?

closer packing of molecules

Why are metals good conductors?

closeness of their structure

What does "ductile" describe?

how easily metal can be pulled into a wire

What is the process through which molecules move from one phase to another called?

dynamic transfer

Under what condition is dynamic equilibrium achieved?

rates at which particles leave and enter a phase are the same

At what point on a phase diagram can solids, liquids, and gases exist in equilibrium?

triple point

At what point is the distinction between gas and liquid no longer apparent?

critical point

At what temperature and pressure is the critical point for water?

374, 218

At what pressure can liquid CO2 be observed?

5.11 atm

At what atmosphere and temperature is the triple point for CO2?

-56.4 C

What is CO2's supercritical point?

73 atm and 31.1 C

Who is credited with the discovery of carbon dioxide?

Joseph Black

What did Joseph Black call carbon dioxide?

fixed air

What was Black heating when he discovered carbon dioxide?

limestone

What was lime water believed to be effective in treating?

kidney stones

What two things did Black note that carbon dioxide could do?

extinguish flames and kill animals

What was Black's 1755 paper titled?

Experiment upon Magnesia Aba, Quicklime, and Some Other Alcaline Substances

What other three gases were isolated for the first time soon after carbon dioxide?

hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

What is the substance present in the largest amount in a solution called?

solvent

What type of molecule interacts strongly with electrically charged solutes?

polar

How are solvents typically distinguished (2)?

polar and nonpolar

What is the most important polar solvent?

water

All common compounds of Group __ and ___ ions are soluble

Group I and ammonium

All ___,___ and ___ are soluble (ates)

nitrates, acetates, and chlorates

In what solvent are lead halides soluble?

hot water

What sulfates are not soluble? (6 elements)

those of barium, strontium, calcium, lead, silver, mercury

What is a solution containing the maximum amount of a solute called?

saturated solution

solubility for most substances increases with ____ temperature

increasing

How can water be tested for chloride ions?

silver ions can be added to form a precipitate

How are carbonate ions formed in water in a cave?

carbon dioxide dissolves in the water

What type of bond does glucose engage in with water?

hydrogen

are intermolecular forces in nonpolar solvents typically strong or weak?

weak

What is one problem with the use of nonpolar solvents?

disposal

What is the only way to remove nonpolar solvents from the environment?

burn them

What are the two ends of soap and detergent molecules?

polar and nonpolar

What units is molarity expressed in?

moles per liter