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Deca Science > Sci 2 > Flashcards

Sci 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mixture that looks like a single substance called?

A

solution

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2
Q

During what two centuries was the behavior of gases heavily explored?

A

seventeenth and eighteenth

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3
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure when the number of gas molecules and the temperature remain constant

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4
Q

Charles’s law

A

at constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is proportional to its absolute temperature

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5
Q

At what temperature (celsius) does zero volume occur?

A

-273

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6
Q

At what temperature is absolute 0?

A

0 k (-273 c)

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7
Q

What equation combines Boyle’s and Charles’ laws?

A

PV/T=CD

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8
Q

What interest primarily motivated Jacques Charles?

A

hot air balloons

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9
Q

What Anglo-Irish chemist’s work did Jacques Charles study?

A

Robert Boyle

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10
Q

What did Charles use to fuel balloon flight?

A

Hydrogen

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11
Q

What two engineers did Charles work with for his first balloon?

A

Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis Robert

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12
Q

When was the first hydrogen-powered balloon launched?

A

August 27 1783

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13
Q

How long did the first hydrogen-powered balloon flight last?

A

forty five minutes

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14
Q

When did the first manned balloon flight take place?

A

December 1, 1783

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15
Q

Who was on board the first manned balloon flight?

A

Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert

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16
Q

Why did Charles stop balloon flights?

A

ear pain

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17
Q

What was the hydrogen balloon known as?

A

Charliere

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18
Q

What is Jacques Charles best known for?

A

work with gases

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19
Q

Who credited Charles with discovering Charles’s Law?

A

Joseph-Louis Gay Lussac

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20
Q

How could the relationship between moles and pressure be described?

A

Directly proportional

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21
Q

What are the four assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases?

A

The actual volume of gas volumes is negligible, molecules are all moving, but at different speeds, no attraction or repulsion exists between one molecule and another, gas pressure results from collisions of molecules with the walls of the container

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22
Q

Using the assumptions of the KMT, what equation gives force?

A

F=mu^2/l, where m is mass, u is speed towards wall, and l is length (meters)

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23
Q

What does Force/area equal?

A

pressure

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24
Q

What does the molecular theory of matter suggest as the determinant of matter states?

A

number of molecules

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25
Q

Avogadro’s Law

A

Equal volumes of an ideal gas contain equal numbers of particles

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26
Q

Avogadro’s Law conclusion

A

volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas

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27
Q

What is the mole based on?

A

number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12

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28
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

6.022x10^23

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29
Q

Who actually determined Avogadro’s number?

A

Jean Baptiste Perrin

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30
Q

In what year was Avogadro’s number estimated by Perrin?

A

1909

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31
Q

What did Avogadro propose that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to?

A

number of moles of a gas

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32
Q

What was the original definition of a mole?

A

number of molecules in a volume of 22.4 liters at 1 atmosphere and 273 K

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33
Q

What would be the mass of one of Avogadro’s number of helium atoms?

A

4 grams

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34
Q

What is helium’s molar mass?

A

4 g/mol

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35
Q

What is the molar mass of methane?

A

16 g/mol

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36
Q

What is the energy of motion directly related to?

A

temperature

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37
Q

What does the energy of a molecule equal?

A

3/2 kT

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38
Q

what is k in the formula for the energy of a molecule?

A

Boltzmann constant

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39
Q

What is the molar mass of NaCl?

A

58.5 g/mol

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40
Q

What is the ideal gas equation?

A

PV = (1/3M)x(3RT/M)=RT

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41
Q

What German Swedish chemist is partially credited with discovering Oxygen?

A

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

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42
Q

When was O2 first produced by a scientist?

A

1772

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43
Q

Who was the first scientist to produce O2?

A

Scheele

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44
Q

What did Scheele call O2?

A

fire-air

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45
Q

Who heated mercuric oxide and observed its interaction with flames?

A

Joseph Priestly

46
Q

What did Priestly believe materials emitted as they were heated?

A

phlogiston

47
Q

Who is most often credited with the discovery of oxygen?

A

Joseph Priestly

48
Q

How many gases did Priestly discover?

A

eight

49
Q

Who wrote a letter to Antoine Lavoisier describing his experiments with oxygen?

A

Shceele

50
Q

Who firstcame to an understanding of how combustion worked?

A

Lavoisier

51
Q

What are the three key assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory?

A

gas molecules have no volume, there are no intermolecular forces between molecules, only kinetic energy is transferred

52
Q

Who developed an equation to monitor the behavior of non-ideal gases?

A

Johannes van der Waals

53
Q

what does van der Waals’ a-value account for?

A

attraction that gas molecules have for each other during collisions

54
Q

what does van der Waals’ b-value account for?

A

volume of the gas molecules

55
Q

What do good choices for refrigerator liquids have?

A

high van der Waals constants

56
Q

What was used for refrigeration for many years?

A

CFCs

57
Q

What are CFCs no longer used?

A

ozone layer depletion

58
Q

What two gases are often now used in fridges?

A

Ammonia and carbon dioxide

59
Q

Does octane have notably weak or strong forces between molecules?

A

weak

60
Q

What are the four types of solids

A

ionic lattice, covalent network, molecular, metallic

61
Q

When a chemical compound or element can have several different solid forms, what are the different forms called?

A

allotropes

62
Q

Is graphite an insulator or a conductor?

A

conductor

63
Q

Is diamond an insulator or a conductor?

A

insulator

64
Q

What is the most stable form of carbon?

A

graphite

65
Q

What is natural carbon formed from?

A

graphite

66
Q

What type of molecule has the most closely packed structure?

A

pure metals

67
Q

What makes pure metals pure?

A

having one element

68
Q

What type of structure do metals have?

A

crystalline

69
Q

How are the three forms of metals determined?

A

the number of similar particles at the nearest distance an ato mhas

70
Q

What are the three simplest structures seen in a pure metal?

A

body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and close-packed hexagonal

71
Q

Name one example of body-centered cubic metal structure

A

iron

72
Q

Name one example of face-centered cubic

A

silver

73
Q

Name one example of close-packed hexagonal

A

zinc

74
Q

How many nearest neighbors does body-centered cubic structure have?

A

8

75
Q

How many nearest neighbors do face-centered and close-packed hexagonal have?

A

12

76
Q

What makes some metals softer?

A

closer packing of molecules

77
Q

Why are metals good conductors?

A

closeness of their structure

78
Q

What does “ductile” describe?

A

how easily metal can be pulled into a wire

79
Q

What is the process through which molecules move from one phase to another called?

A

dynamic transfer

80
Q

Under what condition is dynamic equilibrium achieved?

A

rates at which particles leave and enter a phase are the same

81
Q

At what point on a phase diagram can solids, liquids, and gases exist in equilibrium?

A

triple point

82
Q

At what point is the distinction between gas and liquid no longer apparent?

A

critical point

83
Q

At what temperature and pressure is the critical point for water?

A

374, 218

84
Q

At what pressure can liquid CO2 be observed?

A

5.11 atm

85
Q

At what atmosphere and temperature is the triple point for CO2?

A

-56.4 C

86
Q

What is CO2’s supercritical point?

A

73 atm and 31.1 C

87
Q

Who is credited with the discovery of carbon dioxide?

A

Joseph Black

88
Q

What did Joseph Black call carbon dioxide?

A

fixed air

89
Q

What was Black heating when he discovered carbon dioxide?

A

limestone

90
Q

What was lime water believed to be effective in treating?

A

kidney stones

91
Q

What two things did Black note that carbon dioxide could do?

A

extinguish flames and kill animals

92
Q

What was Black’s 1755 paper titled?

A

Experiment upon Magnesia Aba, Quicklime, and Some Other Alcaline Substances

93
Q

What other three gases were isolated for the first time soon after carbon dioxide?

A

hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

94
Q

What is the substance present in the largest amount in a solution called?

A

solvent

95
Q

What type of molecule interacts strongly with electrically charged solutes?

A

polar

96
Q

How are solvents typically distinguished (2)?

A

polar and nonpolar

97
Q

What is the most important polar solvent?

A

water

98
Q

All common compounds of Group __ and ___ ions are soluble

A

Group I and ammonium

99
Q

All ___,___ and ___ are soluble (ates)

A

nitrates, acetates, and chlorates

100
Q

In what solvent are lead halides soluble?

A

hot water

101
Q

What sulfates are not soluble? (6 elements)

A

those of barium, strontium, calcium, lead, silver, mercury

102
Q

What is a solution containing the maximum amount of a solute called?

A

saturated solution

103
Q

solubility for most substances increases with ____ temperature

A

increasing

104
Q

How can water be tested for chloride ions?

A

silver ions can be added to form a precipitate

105
Q

How are carbonate ions formed in water in a cave?

A

carbon dioxide dissolves in the water

106
Q

What type of bond does glucose engage in with water?

A

hydrogen

107
Q

are intermolecular forces in nonpolar solvents typically strong or weak?

A

weak

108
Q

What is one problem with the use of nonpolar solvents?

A

disposal

109
Q

What is the only way to remove nonpolar solvents from the environment?

A

burn them

110
Q

What are the two ends of soap and detergent molecules?

A

polar and nonpolar

111
Q

What units is molarity expressed in?

A

moles per liter

Deca Science (8 decks)

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