SCI 01 Water Resources

Question 1

What is the Hydrosphere Composition?
How much does it take of the different subsystems

Answer 1

–71%

Question 2

–Constituents of minerals
-Sphere

Answer 2

Geosphere

Question 3

–Water Vapor
-Sphere

Answer 3

Atmosphere

Question 4

–Fundamental components of living organisms
-Sphere

Answer 4

Biosphere

Question 5

-Places where water resides for varying amount of time

Answer 5

Reservoirs

Question 6

-Processes that allow water to move between each reservoirs and subsystems

Answer 6

Pathways

Question 7

How much of these sum up to waterbodies
(Body of Water) Evaporation –
(Plants) Transpiration –
(Ice) Sublimation –

Answer 7

(Body of Water) Evaporation – 80%
(Plants) Transpiration – 10%
(Ice) Sublimation – 10%

Question 8

-Flow of water from aboveground into the subsurface

Answer 8

Infiltration

Question 9

Distribution of Earth’s Water?
Oceans –
Glaciers and Permafrost –
Groundwater –
Surface Water –

Answer 9

Oceans – 97.5%
Glaciers and Permafrost – 1.74%
Groundwater – 0.75%
Surface Water – 0.01%

Question 10

How long until evaporating?
Oceans and Ice Sheets –
Groundwater –
Streams and Rivers –
Atmosphere –
Organisms –

Answer 10

Oceans and Ice Sheets – Thousands of Years
Groundwater – Tens-hundreds of Years
Streams and Rivers – Few Weeks
Atmosphere – Few Days
Organisms – Few Hours

Question 11

-Kind of water that comprises of
-Ocean

Answer 11

Saltwater

Question 12

-Kind of water that comprises of
-Glaciers and Icesheets
-Permafrost

Answer 12

Freshwater

Question 13

-Kind of water that comprises of
-Streams, Tributaries, Watershed Lakes, Pods
-Wetlands: Marsh, Swamp, Estuary
-Floods: Flashfloods, Costal, Fluvial, Pluvial Groundwater
-Aquifiers, Artesian Well Springs

Answer 13

Surface Waters

Question 14

-Temperature profile of the ocean
-Temperature decreases with depth

Answer 14

Thermocline

Question 15

-Because the Earth rotates on its axis,
-Circulating air is deflected toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere
-and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

Answer 15

Surface Ocean Currents: Wind/Coriolis Effect

Question 16

-Is a band of clouds that encircles the Earth near the equator.
-It’s formed when the northeast trade winds from the Northern Hemisphere and the southeast trade winds from the Southern Hemisphere meet.

Answer 16

Intertropical Convergence Zone

Question 17

Component of general oceanic circulation controlled by horizontal differences in temperature and salinity.

Answer 17

Density/Thermohaline Circulation

Question 18

What composes the changes found in oceans

Answer 18

Density, Temperature, Salinity

Question 19

-Permanent body of ice from recrystallization of snow

Answer 19

Glaciers

Question 20

-Glacial land ice extending up to 50,000km2

Answer 20

Ice Sheets

Question 21

-A soil, or rock that is frozen for more than two consecutive years

Answer 21

Permafrost

Question 22

-Moving body of surface water that flows downslope toward sea level due to gravity

Answer 22

Stream

Question 23

-Clearly defined passageway where particles and dissolved substances are transported
-Leads to ocean

Answer 23

Channel

Question 24

-Stream with a considerable volume and well-defined channel

Answer 24

River

Question 25

-Smaller streams flowing into large river or lake

Answer 25

Tributaries

Question 26

-Streams that lose water downstream and dry up -Water flows underground and contributes to groundwater

Answer 26

Influent (Losing)

Question 27

-Streams that are fed by the groundwater

Answer 27

Effluent (Gaining)

Question 28

-Land area in which the water flow into a particular stream

Answer 28

Drainage Basin/Watershed

Question 29

-Line that separates individual drainage basin

Answer 29

Drainage Divide

Question 30

-Structure built across a stream or river to hold water back

Answer 30

Dams

Question 31

-Land areas where water covers the surface for significant periods -Two kinds: Marsh and Swamp

Answer 31

Wetlands

Question 32

-A shallow wetland around lakes, streams and oceans where grasses and reeds are dominant vegetation

Answer 32

Marsh

Question 33

-A wetland with lush trees and vegetation -Found in low-lying areas beside slow-moving rivers -Oxygen in water is low

Answer 33

Swamp

Question 34

-A partly enclosed coastal body of water -Where freshwater from stream meets the saltwater from the sea

Answer 34

Estuaries/Estuary

Question 35

-A natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged under water

Answer 35

Floods

Question 36

-A rapid thaw or heavy rains cause rivers to inundate their floodplains, often affecting large areas

Answer 36

Fluvial/Riverine Flood

Question 37

-Intense rainfall makes water rise quickly and flow at a high speed for a short amount of time -Often carrying away heavy objects

Answer 37

Flashfloods

Question 38

-Severe storms, strong winds and high tides cause large waves that break down defences and flood coastal areas

Answer 38

Coastal (Tidal) Floods

Question 39

-Periods of heavy rain overwhelm drainage systems and concreted surfaces -Preventing water from draining away

Answer 39

Surface (Pluvial) Water Flood

Question 40

-The rate of water movement through interconnected pores within soil or rock

Answer 40

Permeable

Question 41

-Is the percent of open spaces or voids within a volume of soil or rock

Answer 41

Porous/Porosity

Question 42

-An underground boundary between the soil surface and the area -Where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock -Water pressure and atmospheric pressure are equal at this boundary

Answer 42

Water Table

Question 43

-The area of an unconfined aquifer above the water table -Where the pore spaces among soil particles and rock formations are filled with air

Answer 43

Zone of Aeration

Question 44

-Is the portion of underground soil where all gaps are completely filled with water.

Answer 44

Zone of Saturation

Question 45

-Is the place where water is able to seep into the ground and refill an aquifer because no confining layer is present

Answer 45

Recharge Area/Zone

Question 46

-An area in which subsurface water, including water in the unsaturated and saturated zones, -Is discharged at the land surface

Answer 46

Discharge Area/Zone