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schools of vedas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic difference between Orthodox (Āstika) and Heterodox (Nāstika) schools of Indian philosophy?

A

Orthodox schools recognize the authority of the Vedas, while Heterodox schools reject it.

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2
Q

Name the six Orthodox (Āstika) schools of Indian philosophy.

A

Sāṅkhya
Yoga
Nyāya
Vaiśeṣika
Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā
Uttara-Mīmāṁsā (Vedānta)

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3
Q

What do almost all Indian philosophical schools accept as core principles?

A

Theory of karma and rebirth
Moksha (liberation) as the ultimate goal

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4
Q

What are the two core principles of Sāṅkhya philosophy?

A

Puruṣa (Spirit) and Prakṛti (Nature).

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5
Q

What is the goal of Yoga philosophy?

A

To release Puruṣa from Prakṛti through physical and mental discipline.

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6
Q

Who is the founder of Nyāya philosophy, and what does it emphasize?

A

Founder: Maharshi Gautama
Focus: Logical reasoning and obtaining true knowledge through four pramāṇas:

Perception
Inference
Comparison
Testimony

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7
Q

What does Vaiśeṣika philosophy focus on?

A

Classifying the world into seven categories like substance, quality, and action, aiming for liberation through knowledge.

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8
Q

What does Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā emphasize?

A

Defense of Vedic rituals and belief in the eternal nature of the world governed by karma.

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9
Q

What is Vedānta (Uttara-Mīmāṁsā), and who are its key proponents?

A

A system based on the Upaniṣads, emphasizing spiritual liberation.
Key proponents:
Śaṅkaracharya (Advaita)
Rāmānujacharya (Viśiṣṭādvaita)
Mādhavācārya (Dvaita)

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10
Q

Name the three Heterodox (Nāstika) schools of Indian philosophy.

A

Cārvāka
Buddhist Philosophy
Jaina Philosophy

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11
Q

What does Cārvāka philosophy advocate?

A

Materialism and living joyfully; it emphasizes perception as the only valid source of knowledge.

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12
Q

What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?

A

Suffering exists.
There is a cause of suffering.
There is a cessation of suffering.
There is a path (Eightfold Path) to cessation.

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13
Q

What are the Three Jewels (Tri-ratna) of Jainism?

A

Right faith
Right knowledge
Right conduct

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14
Q

What are the three main categories of Indian philosophical systems?

A

Metaphysics: Study of reality (e.g., Puruṣa and Prakṛti in Sāṅkhya).
Epistemology: Study of knowledge (e.g., pramāṇas in Nyāya).
Ethics and Liberation: Study of dharma and moksha (common to all systems).

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15
Q

What are the three Guṇas in Sāṅkhya philosophy?

A

Sattva: Purity, knowledge, harmony
Rajas: Activity, passion, energy
Tamas: Darkness, inertia, ignorance

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16
Q

What are the primary methods of acquiring knowledge (Pramāṇas) in Indian philosophy?

A

Pratyakṣa (Perception)
Anumāna (Inference)
Upamāna (Comparison)
Śabda (Testimony)
Note: Different schools recognize different combinations of pramāṇas.

17
Q

What distinguishes Advaita Vedānta from other Vedānta schools?

A

Advaita Vedānta (by Śaṅkaracharya) teaches non-dualism, emphasizing that Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (self) are identical.

18
Q

What is the key difference between Jainism and Buddhism regarding liberation?

A

Jainism: Liberation requires extreme asceticism and non-violence.
Buddhism: Liberation (nirvāṇa) is achieved through the Middle Path, avoiding extremes of self-indulgence and asceticism.

19
Q

What are the key texts of Indian philosophy?

A

Nyāya: Nyāya Sūtras by Maharshi Gautama
Vaiśeṣika: Vaiśeṣika Sūtras by Maharshi Kaṇāda
Sāṅkhya: Sāṅkhya Kārikā by Īśvarakṛṣṇa
Yoga: Yoga Sūtras by Patañjali
Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā: Mīmāṁsā Sūtras by Jaimini
Vedānta: Brahma Sūtras by Bādarāyaṇa

20
Q

What are the key differences between Cārvāka philosophy and other Indian systems?

A

Cārvāka rejects the concepts of karma, rebirth, and moksha.
It is entirely materialistic and focuses on direct perception (pratyakṣa) as the only source of knowledge.

21
Q

founder of uttara mimamsa

A

Bādarāyaṇa

22
Q

founder of purva mimamsa

A

Maharshi Jaimini.

23
Q

founder of sankhya

A

kapila muni

24
Q

founder of nyaya

A

maharshi gautama

25
Q

founder of yoga

A

maharshi patanjali

26
Q

founder of vaisesik

A

maharshi kanada

27
Q

founder of budhism

A

gautama buddha

28
Q

founder of carvaka

A

brihaspati

29
Q

founder of jainism

A

Lord Mahāvīra

30
Q

Buddhist Philosophy of life to get ‘Nirvāna’
from suffering is based on the following eight
principles:

A
  1. Right view (Samyagdṛṣṭi)
  2. Right resolve (Samyaksaṇkalpa)
  3. Right speech (Samyagvāk)
  4. Right conduct (Samyakkarmānta)
  5. Right livelihood (Samyagājīva)
  6. Right effort (Sammāvāyāma)
  7. Right mindfulness (Samyaksmrti)
  8. Right concentration (Sammāsamādhi)

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