SCHOOL AGE 9-12 YEARS Flashcards
by age 12, females have attained about ___ of their adult height
93%
by age 12, males have attained about ___ of their adult height
84%
in this age range, which gender is ahead in their overall rate of growth?
females
which gender has more body fat and less muscle tissue?
females
what do sex differences in skeletal and muscular maturation cause in females?
causes better coordination but they are slower and weaker than males
what does further myelinzation in the _______ lobe and ________ formation occurs at 9-12 allow for?
frontal lobes (logic and planning), reticular formation (selective attention becomes possible)
which immunizations do children receive at this age?
HPV and Hep B (if missed in infancy)
true or false: injury related mortality increases with age
true
injury-related injuries are higher for which gender?
males
more than 1/2 of fatal injuries are due to ________
motor vehicle crashes
what is the second most common fatal injury at this age?
drowning
___ of Canadian children between age 5-11 have unhealthy/sub optimal body weights
1/4
what percentage of males and females are considered overweight?
14%, 19%
what percentage of males and females are considered obese?
8%, 9%
when was the highest level of obesity in kids ever recorded?
now
what factors cause obesity?
- genetic predisposition
- epigenetic modifications set early in life
- environment (overeating or low physical activity)
- lower SES is a higher risk (lower participation in sports)
how do children undergo weight loss treatment at this age?
specialized diets developed by nutritional experts and increased exercise
why is weight loss risky in the 9-12 age group?
- bodies are still developing
- still trying to grow so diets can have negative impacts short and long term on children’s lives
what are obesity risk factors?
- overweight parents
- large size for gestation at birth
- early onset of being overweight (being 5 and under)
there is evidence for possible associations between _____________ and obesity or ____________ in early childhood
food insecurity, greater weight gain
why do we see a connection between obesity and children that are experiencing food insecurity at multiple time points
food bank and similar organizations tend to only have fatty, low quality foods
- empyt carbs or high sugar cereals
in 2022, ___ of people in the 10 provinces lived in a food-insecure household – including almost ____ children
18.4%. 1.8 million
food insecurity is _______
increasing
why is food insecurity particularly problematic for children?
- can’t learn well on an empty stomach
- need nutrients and proper fuel for growth
what is horizontal decalage?
applying new cognitive skills to all kinds of problems
example of horizontal decalage
- conservation
- math skills learned in school (addition) applied when in the store with parents
what is vertical decalage?
using the same cognitive function in different stages (at different age points)
examples of vertical decalage
- toddler navigating a space turns into 1-12 year old drawing a map
- potty training – 4-5 years old start using toilet
at 9-12, there is an emergence of what cognitive skill?
problem solving rules emerging from experience and trial and error
what is automaticity?
ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity (achieved through practice)
examples of automaticity
tieing shoes, brushing teeth, speaking
what is expertise?
the more knowledge an individual has about a topic, the more efficient their information-processing system will work (despite age)
- the more you know, the more organized it becomes in your brain
true or false: advanced skills in one area improves general levels of memory or reasoning
false
what are the information-processing skills developed at this age?
- elaboration
- mnemonic
- systemic searching
what is elaboration?
finding shared meaning or a common referent for two or more things that need to be remembered
what are mnemonics?
a device to assist memory
what is system searching?
‘scanning’ one’s memory for the whole domain in which a piece of information might be found
what is the associated virtue children must develop at this age?
competence (industry vs inferiority)
vocabulary grows at a rate of ______ words per year
5,000 - 10,000
by age _____ the child shifts to a new level of understanding of the structure of language, figuring out relationships between whole categories of words, such as between adjectives and ______ or between ______ and nouns
8-9, adverbs, adjectives
what is the balanced approach in literacy?
reading instruction that combines explicit phonics instruction with other strategies for helping children acquire literacy
age 9-12, teaching mechanics of ______ becomes possible
grammar
age 9-12, where should children be with phonics and reading?
children should have a tight enough grasp on phonics that they can read independently
early elementary school years are the best time for what, regarding literacy?
identifying and helping poor readers
- brains are more plastic, easier to learn now
- less stigma for those who can’t read
what are the 3 components of emotional intelligence?
- awareness of our own emotions
- ability to express our emotions appropriately
- the capacity to channel our emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals
children’s ability to exercise control over their emotions in early childhood is strongly related to measures of __________
academic achievement in high school
- if you are emotionally disregulated your ability to focus and learn is impaired
what is achievement?
assess specific information learned in school
what is aptitude?
the ability to learn
why do grades start to become increasingly important age 9-12?
they are now able to read their own report cards and compare grades with peers
females have always achieved better school marks than males in which subjects?
all subjects, especially language studies but also in science and math (with the latter going against the common narrative)
what is the analytical learning style?
tendency to focus on the details of the task - suits the school system
what is relational learning style?
tendency to ignore the details of the task in order to focus on the ‘big picture’
what is the cause of ADHD?
unknown
twin studies suggest a _________ for ADHD
genetic basis
risk factor for ADHD
premature birth
what are characteristics of ADHD?
- higher activity level
- lower ability to sustain attention and control impulses
how is ADHD treated?
- ADHD behavioural strategies
- stimulant medications
what is Erikson’s industry vs inferiority?
development of a child’s sense of competence through mastery of culturally defined learning tasks
reciprocal determinism (Bandura)
interaction of personal, behavioural, and environmental factors providing insight into the mechanisms that drive the development of self-efficacy
from _____ kids understanding of themselves improves (self-concept)
6-12
what cognitive developments are made at this age?
- child moves through the concrete operational periods
- the psychological self becomes more complex
- become more comparative
- less tied to external features
- more centered on feelings and ideas
_________ is the evaluation of one’s self-worth
self-esteem
what are trends of self-esteem seen in middle childhood and adolescence?
self-esteem is stable in short-term but less stable over periods of several years during middle childhood and adolescence
what is self-esteem influenced by?
by both a low perceived discrepancy between the ideal and actual selves and social support
when teachers and children learn together, share decisions, and respect and trust one another, children and teachers develop a strong sense of __________________
who they are as humans in the world
children need to be more than just ________ learners
passive, they need to understand why they need to know it
by the end of middle childhood period, children have developed a much broader understanding of _______ than they possessed at the beginning
others, they have a better understanding of people outside of them
children are beginning to understand the moral aspects of ____________
social relationships
what is moral reasoning?
the process of making judgements about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts (Piaget)
what is moral realism?
the belief that rules are inflexible (first stage of moral development)
what is moral relativism?
understand that many rules can be changed through social agreement (second stage of moral development)
elaborate on parenting for self-regulation
- parents model self-regulation behaviour
- higher expectations + parental monitoring = greater self-regulatory competence
- development of self-regulation is associated with the authoritative style of parenting
patterns in sex segregation are found in ____ cultures and are visible by age __
all, 3
- those of the same sex tend to hang together
elaborate on male friendship groups
- bigger and more accepting of newcomers
- involve more outdoor play and roam over a larger area
- appear to be focused more on competition and dominance, and higher levels of competition between pairs of friends than stranger
elaborate on female friendship groups
- more likely to play in pairs or in small, more exclusive groups
- more playtime indoors or near home or school
- more agreement, more compliance, and more self-disclosure, and higher levels of competition between strangers than between friends
what did the systematic review of 21 studies (n = 33,398) on the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19 in children, and adolescents find?
- a significant negative impact in the well-being of individuals with a deterioration in mental health (anxiety/depression)
- social isolation
- development/stress/eating disorders among children and adolescent
what are the three social status groups? explain them:
popular: attractive children and physically larger children
neglected: being very different from peers
rejected: being very different from peers, shy children usually have few friends, highly creative children, children who have difficulty controlling emotions
in social status, children’s ___________ seems to be more important than the looks or temperament
social behaviour
who are self-care children/turn key kids?
children who are at home by themselves after schol for an hour or more
what are the characteristics of self-care/turn key children
- are more poorly adjusted interms of both peer relationships and school performance
- children younger than 10 do not have the cognitive abilities necessary to evaluate risk and deal with emergencies
- most negative for children in low income neighbourhoods with high crime rates
what are the consequences of children with cellphones?
- poorer sleep (sleep disruptions, staying up late)
- increased anxiety and depression (emotional regulation may be impaired, social comparison)
- poorer academic outcomes (instruction time and phones are competing)
at least _____ teens are receiving sexually explicit texts and emails
1 in 4
at least _____ are sending sexts
1 in 7
more than _____ teens are forwarding sexts without consent
1 in 10
about _____ teens have had sexts they’ve sent forwarded without their consent
1 in 12
what are short-term vs long-term learning strategies for this age group?
short-term:
- diagrams
- models
- pictures
- peers
- analogies
- fun
long-term:
- role models
- responsibility
what is the “let it grow” program
children, in consultation with their parents, choose something to do on their own, that they have never done before (i.e., cook dinner, walk the dog by themselves, walk to the store, buy something from a store, etc.)
what is the purpose of the “let it grow” program
reclaiming important aspects of childhood such as independence (self-esteem), risk taking (understanding personal limits), and problem solving (resilience)
