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HS 2700 > ADOLESCENCE (12-15) > Flashcards

ADOLESCENCE (12-15) Flashcards

1
Q

Physical changes throughout adolescence includes changes in the _________________

A

Reproductive system

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2
Q

Girls who develop earlier have ______ behavioural problems than their later-developing peers

A

Fewer

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3
Q

What occurs to boys that develop earlier?

A
  • The more positive their body image
  • The better they do in school
  • The less trouble they get into
  • The more friends they have
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4
Q

The rate of Canadian teen girls/boys having sexual intercourse before 15 years has declined by ___ since the mid 1990s and sits at ______

A

1/3, ~9%

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5
Q

Elaborate on males that have sex early

A
  • Living in low SES neighbourhoods with low parental involvement
  • families who condone sexual activity
  • having lax dating rules
  • more likely to use alcohol
  • abused or neglected in childhood
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6
Q

Elaborate on females that have sex early

A
  • Experienced earlier menarche
  • low interest in school
  • dated at an early age
  • have a history of sexual abuse
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7
Q

________ is a major contributor to adolescent sex

A

Alcohol

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8
Q

What do we know about sexual behaviour

A
  • Greater the number of risk factors the greater the likelihood that they will be sexually active
  • sexual activity is predicted by moral beliefs about sex
  • sexual activity is lower in those who are involved in sports/other activities
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9
Q

____ causes growths on the genitals and is strongly associated with ____________

A

HPV, cervical cancer

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10
Q

HPV accounts for more than ____ of cervical cancer cases

A

70%

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11
Q

Canadian public health experts recommend nationwide HPV vaccines for females between ____ years as well as continued ______ for cervical cancer

A

9-45, Pap tests

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12
Q

HPV vaccines are recommended for males between ______ years

A

9-26

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13
Q

True or false: no scientific research has shown that abstinence-only sex education programs significantly increase the delay of first intercourse or reduce the prevalence of sexual behaviour in teens

A

True

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14
Q

What does making condoms more readily available to teenagers do?

A

Does not increase their rate of sexual activity but it does increase the use of condoms by teenagers who are sexually active

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15
Q

True or false: the large majority of Canadian parents believe that sex education should not be taught in schools

A

False; they believe schools should teach sex ed

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16
Q

How many major brain spurts occur throughout life?

A

Two

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17
Q

The first major brain spurt occurs at what age?

A

13-15 years

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18
Q

Explain what happens during the first brain spurt

A

The cerebral cortex becomes thicker and the neuronal pathways become more efficient

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19
Q

Adolescence is one of the ________ periods in life

A

Healthiest

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20
Q

As adolescences gain independence, they encounter numerous ___________

A

Health risks

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21
Q

What is the invincibility complex?

A

The belief that nothing bad will happen to them

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22
Q

Increased levels of sensation seeking leads to __________ which in turn leads to ________

A

Recklessness, accidents/injuries

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23
Q

Drug use among Canadian youth has steadily ________ since the 1970s

A

Declined

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24
Q

The average age of first time drug use (including alcohol) is _____ years

A

13-14

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25
Q

The use of substances generally ________ with age, with _______, followed by _________

A

Increases, alcohol, marijuana/cigarettes

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26
Q

Smoking has been declining since the ____

A

1970s

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27
Q

True or false: youth smoking rate is consistently lower than the general population

A

True

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28
Q

What is the most significant mental health challenge during adolescence?

A

Eating disorders

29
Q

What is bulimia?

A

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging

30
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation

31
Q

Girls in western society are more likely to…

A

Have higher rates of eating disorders and are more likely to have negative body images

32
Q

What minority groups are more at risk for eating disorders?

A

Gay/lesbian youth/teens who are unsure about their sexual orientation are at higher risk than their heterosexual peers

33
Q

What stage of Piaget are adolescence ages 12-15 in?

A

Formal operational stage (4th stage)

34
Q

What is Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

When adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts

35
Q

What is systematic problem solving?

A

The ability to search methodically for the answer to a problem

36
Q

What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

A

The ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises

37
Q

What is naive idealism?

A

The mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world

38
Q

What two characteristics separate adolescents from younger children?

A
  1. The tendency to exaggerate others’ reactions to one’s own behaviour
  2. The tendency to base decisions on unrealistic ideas about the future
39
Q

By what age do meta cognitive and meta memory skills for exceed those of younger children?

A

14-15 years

40
Q

What serves as a central force in adolescent lives?

A

Schooling

41
Q

Students show achievement and self-esteem _______ when transitioning to secondary school

A

Declines

42
Q

True or false: teenagers acquire a sense of who they actually are as individuals

A

True

43
Q

What factor plays an important role in the transition from child to adult?

A

Culture

44
Q

What stage of Freud are adolescence ages 12-15 in?

A

Genital stage

45
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

Period during which people reach psychosexual maturity

46
Q

What stage of erikson’s are adolescence ages 12-15 in?

A

Identity vs role confusion

47
Q

What is identity vs role confusion?

A

The stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are

48
Q

What is identity crisis?

A

Psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when a sense of self becomes ‘unglued’ so that a new, more nature sense of self can be achieved

49
Q

There is an overall ____ in self-esteem through adolescence which continues through early adulthood

A

Rise

50
Q

What factors act on a teens self-esteem?

A

Personal characteristics, relationships, lifestyle factors and achievements

51
Q

What is high self-esteem associated with?

A

Positive developmental outcomes (resist peer pressure, achieve higher grades)

52
Q

What is low self-esteem associated with?

A

Poorer mental health, physical health and suicidal thinking

53
Q

Explain kohlberg’s first 2 stages of moral development

A

Preconventional reasoning - judgements are based on sources of authority (usually parents)
Stage 1 - punishment and obedience orientation
Stage 2 - individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

54
Q

Explain kohlberg’s 3rd and 4th stages of moral development

A

Conventional reasoning - judgements are based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs
Stage 3 - mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Stage 4 - social system and conscience

55
Q

Explain kohlberg’s last two stages of moral development

A

Post conventional reasoning - judgements are based on emergence of a personal authority
Stage 5 - social contract orientation
Stage 6 - the universal ethics principles orientation

56
Q

Which stages of kohlberg’s moral development are common in adolescences?

A

Stages 2/3

57
Q

What are the three types of adolescent egocentrism?

A
  1. The imaginary audience
  2. The mythological fable
  3. The personal table
58
Q

What are gilligan’s three stages of moral development for women?

A

Stage 1: orientation toward individual survival
Stage 2: goodness as self-sacrifice
Stage 3: morality of nonviolence

59
Q

Compare between Gilligan, erikson, and kohlberg’s theories

A

Gilligan, erikson:
- individuals as interdependent
- relationships of attention and response
- care as strength
- importance of interdependence and interpersonal connections
- importance of autonomy and self-sufficiency
- needs of others important

Kohlberg:
- individuals as separate
- relationships as hierarchical or contractual
- independence as strength
- rights of others important

60
Q

Underlying emotional attachment to parents remains ______ on average

A

Strong

61
Q

Teenagers well-being/happiness is more strongly correlated with quality of attachment to _______ than _____

A

Parents, peers

62
Q

What family structure/relationship results in less well-adjusted teens?

A

Step-parents

63
Q

Divorce tends to be more difficult for what gender?

A

Girls

64
Q

Friendships are increasingly ________, teens share more of their inner feelings and secrets

A

Intimate

65
Q

Which characteristics of friendship are valued most?

A

Loyalty and faithfulness

66
Q

Adolescent friendships are more ______

A

Stable

67
Q

Teenagers become aware of attraction to opposite sex or same sex at what age?

A

11-12 years

68
Q

What are short-term and long-term learning strategies at this age?

A

Short-term:
- Peers
- Commonalities with presenters
- Models/diagrams
- Rationale
- Respect
- Age similar peers

Long-term:
- Role models
- Mind the personal fable and imaginary audience
- Test their own convictions

HS 2700 (2 decks)

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