ADOLESCENCE 16-18 Flashcards
When does the second brain spurt occur?
The second change begins around 17 years and continues into early adulthood
What happens to the brain at this age (16-18 years)
The frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex (area that controls logic and planning) are developing
Females attain most of their height by what age?
16 years
Boys grow until what age?
18-20 years
2 main points of brain development ted-talk video (16-18)
- This age is significant time in terms of brain development and risk taking
- Developing ability to take other people’s perspectives (empathy)
Female % fat _____ and % muscle _____
Rises, falls (body is preparing for reproduction)
Males % fat _____ and % muscle _____
Falls, rises
__________ patterns are reversed so hands and feet grow first and the trunk is usually the slowest part to grow (same shoe size for longer than same height)
Cephalocaudal/proximodistal
Heart and lungs _______ in size
Increase
Heart rate _____
Drops
By 18 - 19 years what percentage of teens have had sex?
68%
True or false: females are more likely than males to report having sex without using a condon
True
Inability to be assertive with a partner may lower ________
Condom use
Since 2003, have rates of STI (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphillis) among youth aged 15 - 19 increased or decreased?
Increased
STI infection rates are highest among what female age group?
15 - 19 years
What is the STI infection rate among women aged 15 - 19?
18 cases per 100
The STI incidence rate in women is ___ higher than the incidence rate found in males
4x
Teen pregnancy rate has ________ in Canada since ____
Declined, 1974
Teen pregnancies are more frequent among who?
Older adolescents and after a female leaves secondary school
How many pregnancies by 15 - 19 are terminated by abortion?
More than 1/2
What is the relationship between teen pregnancy and sexual activity
Teen pregnancy occurs more often if sexual activity started at an early age
Teen pregnancies occur most often in…
- People that were sexually active at an earlier age
- females from low SES single-parent families
- females whose mother had an early pregnancy
- females that are rejected by their peers
- older adolescents (females that have left secondary schools)
What percentage of teens report that they are still unsure of their sexual orientation?
1.4%
True/false: gender is binary
False
More than ___ of students in grade 7-9 have used alcohol in the past 12 months
1/4
Alcohol consumption rates nearly ______ in grades 10 - 12
Double
16 - 19 year old youth have the _____ highest rate of impaired driving charges of any age group in Canada
Third
What percentage of women aged 16-19 have experienced at least one major depressive episode in the previous year? What percentage of men?
25%, 12%
Completed suicide is ~____ times higher for adolescent boys than girls in Canada
3 1/2
What is the second leading cause of death in Canadian youth among 15-19 year olds?
Suicide
What are 3 factors contributing to suicide? Explain them
- Triggering or stressful event: often a disciplinary crisis with the parents or some rejection or humiliation
- Altered mental state: state might be a sense of hopelessness, reduced inhibitions from alcohol consumption
- An opportunity: loaded gun, bottle of sleeping pills, etc.
What are anti-depression drugs also known as?
SSRIs/SNRIs
What are some side effects of anti-depressants?
- Increased suicidal ideation
- increased suicidal attempts
- increased risk of suicide
- increased hostile aggression in young populations
Suicide rate among First Nations/inuit/metis is ____ times higher than for the rest of the population
6-11
What is the leading cause of death among First Nations/invit/metis?
Suicide
In Inuit Nunangat, the suicide rate among children and youth was __ times higher them for the rest of Canada between 2004 - 2008
33 times higher
Grade 8 students focus on _________ whereas grade 12 students focus on the ______
Here and now, future
____ of grade 12 students don’t show the operation of considering things that happen in the future
3/5
What dramatically occurs during the second half of adolescence?
The ability to summarize written text
What gender performs better in English studies?
Female
What gender performs better in math?
Male
What gender performs better in science?
No difference
What are 3 predictors of early school leavers?
- History of academic failure
- Pattern of aggressive behaviour
- Poor decisions about risky behaviour
How many full time Canadian students are employed during the school term?
1/2
What percentage of Canadian adolescents won’t complete high school? How does SES impact?
13 -17%, increases to 30% in low SES communities
Working more than _____ hours a week can be detrimental to grades and increases stress levels
15 - 20 hours
Positive work experiences develop increased feelings of…
Competency and efficacy
Working teens feel the constant pressure to…
Achieve more than they can handle
Who’s theory is Theory of identity achievement
James Marcia
Theory of identity achievement: 2 parts of adolescence identity formation
- Crisis
- Commitment
- when a person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals
What is moratorium?
The identity status of a person who is in a crisis but who has made no commitment
What is foreclosure?
The identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis (accepted parentally or culturally defined commitment)
What is identity diffusion?
The identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment
Self-concept in adolescents aged 16 - 18
Self definitions become more abstract
Physical traits become less dominant in __________
Late adolescence
Most teens think of themselves in terms of…
- Enduring traits
- beliefs
- personal philosophy
- moral standards
What are some critiques on kohlberg’s theory and moral reasoning
- Many theorists believe it is too narrow of a theory
- doesn’t fit non-western cultures
- focuses too much on justice
- omits the importance of empathy
- overlooks the importance of caring
- reasoning changes depending on the situation
When do social groups become mixed in gender by?
Late adolescence, often composed of groups of dating couples
________ and ________ become more central to social interactions in later adolescence than cliques or crowds
Mutual friendships and dating pairs
It is a ______ progression from same-sex friendships to heterosexual friendships
Gradual
Initially ______ is most important, then ______ friends
Family, same-sex friends
The actual progression toward romantic relationships happens faster for what gender?
Females
Skills gained in relating to opposite-sex peers and in mixed-gender groups prepare teens for__________
Heterosexual romantic relationships
What does social competence in a variety of relationships predict?
The ease of the progression to romantic relationships
According to the “Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain” TedTalk by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore what part of the brain changes drastically during adolescence?
Prefrontal cortex
According to the “Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain” TedTalk by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore what does the prefrontal cortex do?
Makes decisions, plans, social interaction, self-awareness, stops us from taking risks
According to the “Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain” TedTalk by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore when is the peak of grey matter volume in the prefrontal cortex?
Early adolescence
According to the “Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain” TedTalk by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore what part of the brain decreases in adolescence in social cognition tasks?
The medial prefrontal cortex
According to the “Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain” TedTalk by Sarah-Jayne Blakemore what is said about taking on other peoples’ perspectives?
It is still improving from adolescence to adulthood
