School

Question 1

Lacey

Answer 1

• Pupil subcultures develop due to differentiation
• Differentiation = the process whereby teachers judge and rank pupils in terms of academic abilities
• Polarisation = the process whereby pupils respond by moving towards one of the ‘poles’

Question 2

Howard Becker

Answer 2

• Labelling theory
• Society is socially constructed
  X The act is never explained as to why it starts

Question 3

Anti-school subcultures

Answer 3

• Members gain status
• Sense of belonging
• Unable to achieve in mainstream values
• Substitue their delinquent values

Question 4

Paul Willis - Learning to Labour

Answer 4

• Observed 12 w/c ‘lads’
• Rejecting the values of school
• Form of rebellion against the unfair education/economic system
• Realise they are being exploited

Question 5

Mac an Ghail - Range of SC

Answer 5

• Ordinary lads
• Academic achievers
• New enterprisers
• The real Englishmen
• The Macho lads

> Neglected by society = gay students

Question 6

Mac an Ghail - Why do boys underachieve?

Answer 6

• Crisis of masculinity
• Decline in traditional jobs
• Lead to an identity crisis
• Links to Connell’s hegemonic masculinity
• Rejecting feminised education to protect their masculinity

Question 7

Heidensohn - Girls, pro or anti school?

Answer 7

Research is often malestream according to Heidensohn

Question 8

Emma Renolds

Answer 8

• Girls feel resentment against school
• Expressed or exaggerated display of femininity
• Including:
  > Relationships
  > Makeup
  > Clothing
• Not an agressive form of rebellion

Question 9

Jackson

Answer 9

• Laddish behaviour was apparent for white w/c girls
• Disruptive: humour, sportiness, popularity, hardness
• Wanted to be successful without being seen to work hard
• Girls did work at home

Question 10

Gillborn - Stereyotypes

Answer 10

• Black pupils = troublemakers, associated with gang culture, street lang, seen as inferior
• Asian pupils = hard working , lots of parental support
• Teachers were ethnocentric as they evaluated other culture and compared to the standard of their own

Question 11

Sewell - Black boys failing secondary school

Answer 11

• Boys responded to poor teacher motivation
• Racism in 1/4 ways
• Conformists
• Innovators
• Retreatists
• Rebels

Question 12

Conclusions to Sewell’s study

Answer 12

• SC are influenced by internal and external factors of school
  X Sewell largely ignores Asian/White boys
  X Criticises the black head teacher and many staff but essentially accepts what the boys say fairly

Question 13

POMO research

Answer 13

Argue comparisons between black, white and Asian students is unhelpful

Question 14

Marxist view = hidden curriculum

Answer 14

• Formal curriculum = learning knowledge and skills
• Hidden curriculum = learning values and attitudes in school

Shapes the workforce through norms and passes it on

Question 15

Functionalist view

Answer 15

• Parsons views education as being part of mediocracy
• Achievements and rewards are based on effort and ability
• Achieved status