Schizophrenia - Diagnosis & Classification Flashcards
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Atypical symptoms experienced in addition to normal experiences. They include hallucinations and delusions.
Hallunications
A positive symptom of schizophrenia. They are sensory experiences of stimuli that have either no basis in reality or a distorted perceptions of things that are really there.
Delusions
A positive symptom of schizophrenia. They involve beliefs that have no basis in reality, for example, that the sufferer is someone else or they are a victim of a conspiracy
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Atypical experiences that represent the loss of a usual experience such as clear thinking or ‘normal’ levels of motivation
Speech poverty
A negative symptom of schizophrenia. It involves reduced frequency and quality of speech.
Avolition
A negative symptom of schizophrenia. It involves loss of motivation to carry out tasks and results in lowered activity levels.
Co-morbidity
two illnesses or conditions together, for example a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder. Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the validity of classifying the two disorders separately
Symptom overlap
Occurs when two or more conditions share symptoms. Where conditions share many symptoms this calls into question the validity of classifying the two disorders separately.
+ Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Good Reliability
Reliability means consistency. psychiatric diagnosis is consistent when different doctors reach the same diagnosis. Inter rater reliability
and Test-retest reliability
Osario 2019 excellent reliability of +.97 (irr) +.92 (trtr) for 180 people using DSM5
this means we can be sure diagnosis of schizophrenia consistent.
- Low validity of diagnosis of schizophrenia
one way to assess valid in psychiatric diagnosis is criterion validity.
Cheniaux 2009 had 2 psychiatrists diagnose 100 people same, one used icd10 other dsm IV
icd - 68 dsm - 39
this suggest under or overr diagnosed schizphrenia
criterion valid low
however osario reported excellent irr when using DSM
so suggest critieron valoidiity is acc high assuming we stay within same diagnostic system.
- schizophrenia has co-morbidity with other conditions
if conditions occur together lots this calls question validity of diagnosis and classification cuz it might acc just be 1 disorder
schizo commonly with depression
Buckley 48% also had depression if had schizo
This can result in classification issues with schizophrenia cuz it might not be one distinct disorder. (e.g. some people just get schizo some get s + depression could be a diff variant ugm.)
- gender bias
men diagnosed more than women 1.4: 1 (Fishcer 2017)
cotton says its cuz women have closer relationships and hence get support so women who might acc have schiz function better than men who haev i
Then wopmen underdiagnosed
this mean women not receiving treatment that might bernefit them this is gender bias
Culture Bias
Pinto and Jones 2008 found that African Caribbean up to 9x more likely diagnosis as white British people
even though people in African Caribbean countries are not, ruling out genetic vulnerability.
This means it has to be culture bias.
Overinterpretation of symptoms in black British people
this means that British African-Caribbean discriminated by culturally biased diagnostic system