Schizophrenia/ depression key terms review

Question 1

anhedonia

Answer 1

inability to feel pleasure

Question 2

catatonia

Answer 2

abnormality of movement and behavior arising from a disturbed mental state (typically schizophrenia). It may involve repetitive or purposeless over activity, or catalepsy, resistance to passive movement, and negativism.

Question 3

chlorpromazine

Answer 3

antipsychotic medication

Question 4

delusions

Answer 4

beliefs that are not based on reality.

Question 5

flat affect

Answer 5

A severe reduction in emotional expressiveness. People with depression and schizophrenia often showflat affect. A person with schizophrenia may not show the signs of normal emotion, perhaps may speak in a monotonous voice, have diminished facial expressions, and appear extremely apathetic.

Question 6

hallucinations

Answer 6

are alterations in perception, such that a person hears, sees, smells, feels, or tastes something that does not actually exist, except in that persons own mind.

Question 7

5-HTT gene

Answer 7

linked to depression an autism

Question 8

biogenic amines

Answer 8

a class of compounds that are derived from amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. The most well-knownbiogenic amineis histamine, which is produced by the body and which plays an important role in allergic reactions.

Question 9

catecholamine hypothesis

Answer 9

proposes that some, if not all, depressions are associated with an absolute or relative decrease incatecholamine’s.

Question 10

cognitive triad

Answer 10

cognitive model developed to explain the causes of depression. Three types of negative thought lead to depression – self, world, environment.

Question 11

unconditional positive regard

Answer 11

concept developed by the humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers, is the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does, especially in the context of client-centered therapy.

Question 12

maladaptive

Answer 12

key criteria to determine whether someone has a disorder is if the person’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviours are maladaptive. Which is whether it causes distress to oneself or others, impairs day to day functioning, or increases the risk of injury or harm to oneself or others.

Question 13

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Answer 13

a standardized manual to aid in the diagnosis of disorders.

Question 14

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 14

characterized by intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, an unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships.

Question 15

Histrionic personality disorder

Answer 15

excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour.

Question 16

Narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 16

inflated sense of self-importance and an excessive need for attention and admiration. As well as intense self-doubt and fear of abandonment.

Question 17

comorbidity

Answer 17

the presence of two disorders simultaneously.

Question 18

dissociative disorder

Answer 18

category of mental disorders characterized by a split between conscious awareness from feeling, cognition ], memory, and identity.

Question 19

multiple personality disorder

Answer 19

person experiences a split in identity such that they feel different aspects of themselves as though they were separated from each other. This can be severe enough that the person constructs entirely separate personalities, only one of which, will be in control of time.

Question 20

anxiety disorder

Answer 20

a category of disorders involving fear of nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive.

Question 21

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 21

involves frequently elevated levels of anxiety generally from normal challenges and stresses of everyday life.

Question 22

panic disorder

Answer 22

an anxiety disorder marked by occasional episodes of sudden, very intense fear.

Question 23

agoraphobia

Answer 23

intense fear of having a panic attack in public; as a result of this fear, individuals may begin to avoid public settings and increasingly isolate themselves.

Question 24

social anxiety disorder

Answer 24

very strong fear of being judged by others or being embarrassed or humiliated in public.

Question 25

exposure

Answer 25

repeatedly and in stages exposed to the object of his fear so that he can work past his emotional reactions.

Question 26

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 26

unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions), and tend to engage in repetitive almost ritualistic behaviours.

Question 27

major depression

Answer 27

is a disorder marked by prolonged periods of sadness, feelings or worthless and hopefulness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical sluggishness.

Question 28

bipolar disorder

Answer 28

characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy.

Question 29

prodromal phase

Answer 29

people may become easily confused and have difficulty organizing their thoughts, they may lose interest and begin to withdraw from friends and family, and spend increasing amounts of time alone, often deeply engrossed in their own thoughts.

Question 30

active phase

Answer 30

people typically experience delusional thoughts, hallucinations, or disorganized patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviour.

Question 31

residual phase

Answer 31

people’s predominant symptoms have disappeared or lessened considerably, and they may simply be withdrawn, have trouble concentrating, and generally lack motivation.

Question 32

disorganized behaviour

Answer 32

describes the considerable difficulty people with schizophrenia may have completing the tasks of everyday life.

Question 33

disorganized schizophrenia

Answer 33

symptoms include thoughts, speech, behaviour, and emotion that are poorly integrated.

Question 34

undifferentiated schizophrenia

Answer 34

this category includes individuals who show a combination of symptoms from more than one type of schizophrenia.

Question 35

residual schizophrenia

Answer 35

category reflects individuals who show some symptoms of schizophrenia but are either in transition to a full-blown episode or in remission.

Question 36

deinstitutionalization

Answer 36

whereby mental health patients were released back into their communities, generally after having their symptoms alleviated through medication.

Question 37

insight therapies

Answer 37

refers to therapy that involves dialogue between client and therapist for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts.

Question 38

psychodynamic therapies

Answer 38

forms of insight therapy that emphasize the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts.

Question 39

free association

Answer 39

clients are encouraged to talk or write without censoring their thoughts in any way.

Question 40

resistance

Answer 40

occurs as the treatment brings up unconscious material that the client wishes to avoid, and the client engages in strategies for keeping the information out of conscious awareness.

Question 41

transference

Answer 41

a process whereby clients direct the emotional experiences that they are reliving toward the therapist, rather than the original person involved in the experiences.

Question 42

object relations therapy

Answer 42

a variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early child hood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning.

Question 43

phenomenological approach

Answer 43

the therapist addresses the clients feeling s and thoughts as they unfold in the present moment, rather than looking for unconscious motives or dwelling in the past.

Question 44

behavioural therapies

Answer 44

address problem behaviours, and the environment factors that trigger them, as directly as possible.

Question 45

systematic desensitization

Answer 45

gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation

Question 46

internal attributions

Answer 46

thoughts that say “it’s all my fault”; blaming oneself excessively for negative things that happen, rather than appreciating that, even though one may bear some responsibility, they were also other factors that contributed to the negative event, such as bad luck or the behaviour of other people.

Question 47

global events

Answer 47

thoughts like “my whole life is ruined”; blowing things out of proportion rather than seeing a negative event as simply that, one negative event and not something that needs to spiral into greater problems.

Question 48

decentring

Answer 48

which occurs when one is able to “step back” from one’s normal consciousness and observe oneself more objectively, as an observer.

Question 49

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Answer 49

involves combining mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive behavioural therapy tools.

Question 50

Systems approach

Answer 50

an orientation that encourages therapists to see individual’s symptoms as being influenced by many different interacting systems.

Question 51

Psychotropic drugs

Answer 51

medications designed to alter psychological functioning

Question 52

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 52

a network of tightly packed cells that only allow specific types of substances to move from the bloodstream to the brain in order to protect delicate brain cells against harmful infections and other substances.

Question 53

Mood stabilizers

Answer 53

are drugs used to prevent or reduce the severity of mood swings experienced by people with bipolar disorder.

Question 54

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 54

facial tics

Question 55

Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 55

drugs that are supposedly less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects including movement disorders that commonly occur when first generation antipsychotics are prescribed.

Question 56

stable attributions

Answer 56

thoughts like “it’s never going to change”; coming to see the situation as permanent and irreversible.