motivation review Flashcards
- Describe motivation, explain why it is an inferred concept, and contrast it to learning.
Concerns the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviors that direct organisms towards specific goals.
- Identify and describe the measures of motivation.
Intensity
a. Energy, enthusiasm, degree of effort exerted
b. Measured by perceived level of effort or by physiological arousal
Direction / Choices
c. Volitional approach or avoidance of alternative activities
d. Selection of outcomes worthy of effort
e. Degree of task difficulty selected
Persistence
f. Commitment to choices
g. Continued effort following frustration (goal-blockage)
- Explain how behaviour can be “pushed” from within the person and describe how this notion is incorporated in biological theories, drive-reduction theory, and psychodynamic theory.
An instinct is a fixed (rigid and predictable) pattern of behavior that is
a. Not acquired by learning
b. Common to all members of the species
c. Likely rooted in genes
d. Human babies show certain reflexes, but in general, our behavior is less prescribed by genetics than other animals
e. Instinct theory has given way to evolutionary theory in explaining human behavior
f. We have general patterns of behavior which can be explained as emerging through natural selection
- Describe Maslow’s theory of motivation and the hierarchy of needs, and contrast this approach with the mechanistic approach.
Physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualization. Each layer must be satisfied before moving onto the other.
- Describe Roger’s Discrepancy theory.
When ideal self doesn’t necessarily align with our real self. – large discrepancy, self-actualization would be difficult, demotivating.
When our ideal self is more aligned with our real self. – less discrepancy, self-actualization more attainable, motivating.
- Describe the expectancy approach and its emphasis on behaviour motivated by rational analysis.
Motivation is a product of the outcome expectations and the incentive value of the outcome. Motivation = expectation X value
- Describe Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory.
- Efficacy expectations: Based on 2 beliefs (probabilities):
- Belief that you possess the skills, experience, strategy, equipment, etc. to perform
- Belief that you can execute the required performance in the given situation
Outcome expectations: belief (probability) that particular behaviors or performance will likely produce certain outcomes.
- Identify and contrast the four sources of self-efficacy.
Performance Accomplishments a. Mastery experiences b. History of success/failure c. most influential long-lasting source (essential) Vicarious Experiences d. Observing success/failure of others e. i.e., social learning f. Only influential until own reproduction Social Persuasion g. Encouragement of others (usually verbal) h. Dependent on credibility of source i. Brief duration Emotional Arousal j. Psyched up / psyched out k. Brief duration
- Describe the Cognitive Evaluation Theory and distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic value.
Intrinsic: ¥ Performance is rewarding ¥ Performance as an end in itself ¥ Pleasure and satisfaction in process ¥ Not necessarily goal-oriented ¥ PLAY Extrinsic value: ¥ Outcome is rewarding ¥ Performance as a means to an end ¥ Pleasure and satisfaction in consequences ¥ Necessarily goal-oriented ¥ WORK
- Identify and contrast the two sources of esteem.
Personal identity ¥ Individual esteem ¥ Distinguish self from others ¥ Enhanced by achievements ¥ Accomplishment, competence, skills, etc.
Social identity ¥ Collective esteem ¥ Align self with others ¥ Enhanced by affiliations ¥ Relationships, groups, teams, etc.
- Explain the buffering hypothesis.
Multiple sources of esteem provide a buffer against esteem threats
a. i.e., not having all your esteem eggs in one basket
Achievement failure threatens personal identity
b. Rely on affiliations/social id
c. And/or other sources of achievement/personal id
Rejection threatens social identity
d. Rely on achievements/personal id
e. And/or other sources of affiliation/social id
- Describe and explain the relationship between esteem and task selection.
Carol Dweck - carol noticed some children will accept challenges and most children will gravitate towards a puzzle that is challenging but slightly easy but some students will go to the really easy one.
amotivational
a feeling of having little or no motivation to perform a behaviour.
achievement motivation
the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals
approach goals
an enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or a feeling of satisfaction.
avoidance goal
an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing money, or feeling emotional pain.
