schizophrenia Flashcards
1
Q
is hallucinations a positive or negative symptom
A
positive
2
Q
is avolition a positive or negative symptom
A
negative
3
Q
is speech therapy a positive or negative symptom
A
negative
4
Q
is delusions a positive or negative symptom
A
positive
5
Q
symptoms of schizophrenia
A
hallucinations
avolition
speech therapy
delusions
6
Q
what does experiencing hallucinations mean?
A
hallucinations can involve all five senses.
experiencing hallucinations means perceiving things around us that aren’t real
7
Q
what are delusions
A
irrational beliefs about the world that are firmly held onto
8
Q
what is Avolitian
A
a persistent lack of motivation or energy to completer normal everyday tasks.
9
Q
what is speech poverty
A
minimal speech
lack of spontaneous, unprompted speech
10
Q
what is the book called that doctors use to diagnose mental disorders
A
the DSM (diagnostic statistical manual)
11
Q
to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, what do patients need to display
A
at least two of the main symptoms for at least 6 months
12
Q
How is schizophrenia diagnosed ?
A
schizophrenia is diagnosed using the DSM. According to the DSM to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, patients need to have displayed at least 2 of main symptoms for at least 6 months
13
Q
for a study to be reliable, the results of the study must be….
A
be consistent every time the study is repeated
14
Q
What does it mean when a diagnosis is reliable
A
- for a particular patient, different doctors give the same diagnosis consistently
- Given multiple patients with the same symptoms, one doctor gives each patient the same diagnosis consistently
15
Q
when is a diagnosis valid
A
- the doctor doesn’t incorrectly diagnosis people who don’t have a particular illness.
- the criteria used to make the diagnosis allows us to correctly identify people who have a particular illness
16
Q
what is inter-rater reliability
A
is when multiple people make the same measurements, to see how to see how similar their measurements are
17
Q
why do researchers use the inter-reliability ?
A
researchers use inter-reliability to asses the reliability of a diagnosis of schizophrenia
18
Q
what is true about the reliability of schizophrenia
A
in 1952 Beck found that the diagnosis were 52%. in 2005, researchers found that diagnosis were 81% similar. a diagnosis of schizophrenia is becoming more reliable
19
Q
what is Rosenhan’s method for his study
A
Rosenhan got 8 volunteers, who pretended to have schizophrenia, admitted into hospital.
Rosenhan conducted an observation study
20
Q
what where the results to Rosenhan’s study
A
it took doctors between 7 to 52 days to realise the diagnoses was wrong, and that volunteers were healthy.
the study showed that diagnose of schizophrenia can lack reliability.
21
Q
what is cultural bias
A
when researchers misrepresent the differences between cultures
22
Q
what are social norms?
A
the unwritten rules for all members of a social group are expected to behave are called social norms.
23
Q
what is ethnocentric bias
A
when someone assumes that other cultures behave the same as their own
24
Q
what are the consequences of cultural bias in diagnosing disorders
A
- doctors might be more likely to diagnose someone from another culture with a mental disorder
- two doctors with different cultural backgrounds might give the same patient a different diagnoses
25
what do doctors rely on when deciding whether the patients behaviours match symptoms of schizophrenia
doctors rely on social norms of their own culture to decide whether a patient's behaviours match symptoms of schizophrenia. this means that they are more likely to diagnose schizophrenia in patients who are from a different culture to the doctor's own. so, culture bias reduces and decreases the validity and reliability of a diagnosis
26
how can cultural bias reduce the validity and reliability of schizophrenic diagnosis
- when doctors diagnose schizophrenia, they use social norms of their own culture to decide whether a patient's behaviour match any of the symptoms of schizophrenia.
- the reliance on social norms can lead to overdiagnosis of schizophrenia in patients from a different culture to the doctor's own culture.
27
in Cochrane's study, why were afro-Caribbean people living in Britain being over diagnosed with schizophrenia due to cultural bias?
doctors in Britain were judging the patients using the social norms from their own culture
28
what was Cochrane's study
- Cochrane conducted a review comparing the number of people with schizophrenia in the Caribbean and in Britain.
- the overall rate of schizophrenia was similar in the Caribbean and in Britain
29
what were the findings of Cochrane's study?
- Afro-Caribbean people were 7 times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia in Britain than in the Caribbean.
- Cochrane concluded that this was because of cultural bias by British doctors.
30
what can reduce the validity and reliability of a schizophrenia diagnosis is
cultural bias comorbidity
| gender bias symptom overlap
31
what is gender bias
when the differences between men and women are misrepresented
32
what is beta bias
ignoring real differences between men and women
33
what is alpha bias
over exaggerating differences in men and female behaviour
34
what can both types of bias lead to in terms of diagnosis
both types of bias can lead to under and over diagnosis of schizophrenia in men and women
35
what can under and over diagnosis due to gender bias lead to
under and over diagnosis due to gender bias can reduce the reliability and validity of the diagnosis
36
what method was used in Loring and Powell's study?
- they gave female and male doctors identical descriptions of the patients symptoms
- they varied the patients gender
37
what were the results to Loring and Powell's study?
when patients were described as female , 20% of doctors diagnosed the patient with schizophrenia. when the patient was described as male, 56%of Doctors diagnosed the patient with schizophrenia. this indicates there may be alpha bias in the diagnosis of schizophrenia
38
how does cultural bias affect the validity of diagnoses
the doctor might diagnose someone with a disorder who doesn't actually have a disorder
39
explain how cultural bias affects the reliability of the diagnoses
Cultural bias means that doctors might be more likely to diagnose someone from another culture with a mental disorder. This means that the same patient might get a different diagnosis, depending on the cultural background of their doctor, which would therefore reduce the reliability of the diagnosis because it would not be consistent.
40
how does gender bias affect the reliability of the diagnosis
patients with the same symptoms might get different diagnosis depending on their gender
41
explain how gender bias affects the validity of the diagnosis
if the criteria used to diagnose schizophrenia over or under exaggerate the differences between men and women, then they won't correctly identify schizophrenia in all women and men
42
what does it mean if illnesses are comorbid?
two or more illnesses occur together in the same person
43
if doctors are more likely to diagnose different disorders when a patient has co morbid illness, what does this decrease
the reliability
44
if two illnesses are often comorbid, the criteria for diagnosing the two illness might be incorrect- they might not actually be sperate conditions, so the diagnosis may lack
validity
45
what did Buckley find in his study on how many schizophrenic patients had a comorbid mental disorder ?
he found that 50% of patients had depression and schizophrenia, 47% of patients had an addiction and schizophrenia and 23% of patient had OCD and schizophrenia
46
what is the term for cycles of pronounced highs in bipolar depression?
mania
47
if a patient has overlapping symptoms and so tow different doctors diagnose them with different disorders, what does the diagnoses lack
reliability
48
if the criteria incorrectly diagnoses someone as having schizophrenia, what can we say is lacking from this diagnoses
validity
49
what is symptom overlap?
the symptoms of schizophrenia considerably overlap with the symptoms of other disorders
50
the symptoms of schizophrenia might overlap with the symptoms of other disorders such as
OCD depression and addiction
51
how could symptom overlap reduce the reliability of diagnosis?
different doctors may look at the same symptom and give a different diagnosis
52
how could the symptom overlap in Ellason and Ross study reduce the validity of the diagnoses in the study?
the criteria used to diagnoses schizophrenia don't enable doctors to correctly distinguish between schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder
53
what did Ellason and Ross compare to study the overlap in schizophrenia
symptoms of schizophrenia patients of those of dissociative identity disorder patients
54
what did Ellason and Ross's study find
patients with dissociative identity disorder displayed more schizophrenic symptoms than patients with schizophrenia
55
social phobia
having overwhelming fear of being in social situations
56
what are genes?
genes are sections of DNA that control the production of particular proteins
57
what do we call the different versions of a specific gene ?
alleles
58
what influence do genes have on complex behaviours?
- there are multiple genes associated with complex behaviour
- it is unlikely that one gene is responsible for for a behaviour
59
what does the genetic explanation say about schizophrenia ?
the more genetic alleles a person carries the more likely they are to develop schizophrenia. according to the genetic explanations of schizophrenia, if some family members have schizophrenia, then it is more likely that you will develop schizophrenia. this is because you may inherit a specific allele associated with schizophrenia
60
what does inherit mean?
the process by which genetic trait is passed on from parent to child.
61
what does allele's mean?
the multiple variations of a DNA section that lead to different biological outcomes
62
what does concordance rate mean ?
the percentage of twins that both share the same trait, given that at least one twin has the trait
63
for a particular trait, there might be different concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. what does this difference tell us about the influence that genetics has has on this trait?
a big concordance rate shows that genetics has a big influence on the trait compared to other factors
64
for Gottesman and shield's study- as the concordance rates for monozygotic twins was not 100%, what can we say about schizophrenic development ?
schizophrenia is not just caused by genetics. schizophrenia development is also caused by the environment
65
what was the concordance rate for dizygotic twins in Gottesman and shield's study?
24%
66
what was the concordance rate for monozygotic twins in Gottesman and shields study?
74%
67
what does the concordance rate for monozygotic twins (74%) show in Gottesman and shield's study
the concordance for monozygotic twins shows that the environment also plays a role in the development of schizophrenia
68
what did Gottesman and Shield find in their study?
genetics contributes to the development of schizophrenia
69
what is one assumption that twin studies make?
the environment will have the same impact on phenotype for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins
70
what is a weakness of Gottesman and Shield's study?
the study assumes that monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins have similar amount of shared environment. this is not true because identical twins are more likely to be treated the same than dizygotic twins. this mean that the high concordance rate for schizophrenia observed in monozygotic twins might be caused by shared environmental factors as well as shared genetic factors
71
explain what Tienari's study tells us about the role of genetics
adopted children with biological mother with schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder than children whose mother's do not have schizophrenic. this suggest that genetics play an important role in the development of schizophrenia
72
what was the method for Tienari's experiment?
the experimental group was adopted children whose biological children had schizophrenia. the control group was adopted children whose mothers didn't not have schizophrenia
73
what are the limitations for adoption studies?
- they assume that nay similarity between biological parent and adoptive child is solely down to genetics.
- they ignore similarities in environments shared between adoptive children and their biological parents
74
if adopted children are often matched with adults to their similar to their biological parents, what does this mean for our interpretation of adoption studies?
- similarities between adopted children and biological parents may also be a result of environmental influences.
- adopted studies may over exaggerate the role of genetics.
75
what does the genetic explanations say about schizophrenia
schizophrenia is inheritable. there are particular gene alleles that increase the risk of developing schizophrenia
76
what are the two main hypothesis for what brain abnormalities cause schizophrenia?
Neural correlates hypothesis
| Dopamine hypothesis
77
what does the neural correlates explanation say the disorder is caused by?
abnormal brain structures. for instance people with schizophrenia have large ventricles and a smaller frontal context
78
what does an MRI scan do?
provides an image of the structure of the individual's brain
79
how did Torrey's conduct his study to support neural correlates explanation
- Torrey conducted an MRI scans with people with schizophrenia.
- Torrey compared scans between people with schizophrenia and people with healthy brains.
80
what are the findings of Torrey's brain imaging study?
- Torrey found that people with schizophrenia had 15% larger ventricles than those in the control group.
- Torrey's study supports the neural correlates explanation of schizophrenia
81
people with schizophrenia are show to have enlargement in which part of the brain?
ventricles
82
what rule do we have to keep in mind when looking at the results of the correlational study?
even if two variables correlate, it does not necessarily mean that one caused the other
83
what are the limitations of the neural correlates hypothesis ?
- the correlation between schizophrenia and brain abnormalities doesn't mean that brain abnormalities cause schizophrenia. the medication that patients use may act as a confounding variable in studies of neural correlates
- the neural correlates hypothesis ignores individual differences. there are individual differences in brain abnormalities displayed in patients with schizophrenia. not all schizophrenia patients display enlarged ventricles. the study support for the hypothesis doesn't always replicate
84
what can the enlarged ventricles be cause by?
the enlarged ventricles observed in patients with schizophrenia might be a side effect of the medication that the patients take
85
what method is typically used to investigate the neural correlates hypothesis of schizophrenia?
MRI scans
86
what does dopamine do?
Dopamine is is a neuro transmitter that is involved in processing reward and in controlling attention
87
in the mesolimbic system, dopamine has an excitatory effect. this means that there is high levels of dopamine ?
neurons generate more electricity activity than normal
88
what does the dopamine hypothesis suggest schizophrenia is caused by?
abnormal brain function
89
what are the dopamine levels in schizophrenia?
- people with schizophrenia have higher levels of dopamine than healthy people.
- the neurons of people with schizophrenia generate more electrical activity as those of healthy people
90
where are neurons only overactive?
neurons are only over active in the mesolimbic system
91
what type of schizophrenic symptom is hallucinations and delusions
positive symptom
92
according to the dopamine hypothesis, in which area of the brain is there too much dopamine
the mesolimbic system
93
what does increased dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway lead to ?
according to dopamine hypothesis, increased levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway cause neurons to become over active
94
what do the revised dopamine hypothesis suggest about schizophrenia?
- people with schizophrenia have levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway.
- Overactivity in the mesolimbic system causes the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
- people with schizophrenia have lower levels of dopamine in the frontal cortex than usual
- underactivity causes negative symptoms
95
according to dopamine hypothesis, what dysfunctional of the mesolimbic system commonly found in people with schizophrenia?
overactivity due the increase in dopamine levels
96
according to the dopamine hypothesis, which symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by overactivity of the mesolimbic symptom?
hallucinations and delusions
97
what does the revised dopamine hypothesis state about the frontal cortex ?
there is a lack of dopamine in this area, which manifests as the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
98
what do revised dopamine hypothesis
states the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by hyperactivity in the mesolimbic pathway, and that negative symptom of schizophrenia are caused by underactivity in the frontal cortex
99
according to the dopamine hypothesis, if a person take an amphetamine, which increase dopamine, what should occur?
increased activity in the mesolimbic pathway.
100
what combinations of schizophrenia symptom are likely to occur if someone takes an amphetamine, causing dopamine to increase in the mesolimbic pathway
hallucination and delusions
101
what do drug studies show
- when normal people take amphetamine, they can experience hallucinations and delusions.
- drugs that reduce dopamine decrease the likelihood of people with schizophrenia having hallucinations and delusions.
102
according to the dopamine hypothesis, what would we expect to find when people with schizophrenic, who are all experiencing hallucinations and delusions, are a drug that reduces their dopamine levels?
all patients would experience a reduction in positive symptom like hallucinations and delusions.
103
how is a study by Noll limitation of the dopamine hypothesis
-Noll reviewed previously conducted drug studies.in theses studies, people with schizophrenia were given dugs that reduced dopamine levels. in the studies, the positive symptoms of people with schizophrenia were monitored.
104
what are the findings of the Noll's study
- the results show a limitation of the dopamine hypothesis.
- the study suggests that high levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathways system are not the only cause of positive symptoms.
- 1/3 of patients, dopamine reducing drugs did not prevent positive symptoms of schizophrenia
105
what are the limitations of the dopamine hypothesis
- drugs that decrease dopamine levels don't always prevent hallucinations and delusions.
- the evidence supporting the hypothesis isn't always conclusive
106
what is the name of the drug that increases dopamine levels, leading to the experience of hallucinations and delusions in otherwise healthy people
amphetamine
107
what is a post-mortem examination
a detailed examination of the brain after a person has died
108
according to the dopamine hypothesis, what should we see in the brains of patients with schizophrenia?
increased levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic system
109
what did Montcrieff conclude that evidence supporting the dopamine hypothesis is inconclusive?
- drugs that increase dopamine like amphetamine also increase the levels of other neurotransmitters, so we can't be sure that it is the increased dopamine that it causing these symptoms
- some post-mortem studies reported increased levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway, but other studies reported no difference compared to the controlled brains.
110
what neurotransmitters does amphetamine also increase
serotonin and noradrenaline
111
name the researcher that criticised the dopamine hypothesis by finding that amphetamine also increases noradrenaline and serotonin alongside dopamine
Montcrieff
112
name the researcher that criticised the dopamine hypothesis by pointing out that not all people with schizophrenia experience positive symptoms because of high dopamine levels
Noll
113
describe the results of the review and explain what is meant by positive symptoms of schizophrenia ?
Noll found that across the studies, 33% of patients did not experience a reduction in positive symptoms after being administered a drug that reduced dopamine levels. This suggests that a majority of people experience positive symptoms because of high levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic system. However, this also suggests that high levels of dopamine are not the only cause of positive symptoms, because the drugs were not effective on 100% of patients.
114
what have post-mortem studies shown about dopamine in the brains of people with schizophrenia?
the brains of people with schizophrenia do not always have increased levels of dopamine when compared to the control group
115
what are positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions caused by
high levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway
116
how do drugs that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia affect the brain?
they reduce the dopamine levels
117
what is the biological treatment for schizophrenia?
antipsychotics
118
what affect does antipsychotics medication have on the brain?
it reduces dopamine levels
119
where is dopamine released
dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter released by the pre-synaptic terminal
120
what happens when dopamine is released ?
when dopamine is released, it travels across the synaptic cleft to the post-synaptic terminal ,where it binds to post synaptic receptors
121
what happens when higher levels of dopamine released in the mesolimbic system ?
more dopamine will bind to post-synaptic receptors
122
as a result of the increased dopamine binding to the post synaptic receptors, what happens in the post-synaptic neurons in the mesolimbic system
- more positively charged particles flow into the post synaptic neuron
- overactivity occurs in the mesolimbic system
123
how do antipsychotic drugs work ?
- antipsychotics prevent dopamine from binding to the postsynaptic receptors
- anti psychotics reduce the overactivity of neurons in the mesolimbic pathway
124
how do antipsychotic drugs affect the activity of dopamine
they decrease it
125
how do antipsychotic decrease the activity of dopamine
by blocking post-synaptic receptors to prevent dopamine binding to these receptors
126
what type of schizophrenic symptom do anti-psychotic drugs prevent?
hallucinations and delusions
127
what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia caused by?
according to the dopamine hypothesis positive symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by high levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic system
128
what is the mesolimbic system?
the group of brain regions involved in processing reward
129
what are the limitations of antipsychotic drugs?
- antipsychotic dugs can cause side effects in patients with schizophrenia. such as cause extra-pyramidal symptoms- where patients loose control over movements (i.e. stiff, jerky movements). and the drugs also cause other health problems like obesity, heart problems and diabetes.
- they are unable to treat negative symptoms like avoilition and speech poverty and make negative symptoms worse
130
what are extrapyramidal symptoms ?
where patients loose control over movements (i.e. stiff, jerky movements)
131
how do antipsychotic drugs reduce positive symptoms in people with schizophrenia ?
they prevent overactivity in the mesolimbic system
132
according to the dopamine hypothesis, negative symptoms are caused by low levels of dopamine in what area of the brain?
frontal cortex
133
why can't antipsychotic drugs both unable to treat negative symptoms and potentially make them worse
Antipsychotics reduce the dopamine activity levels in all areas of the brain. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be caused by reduced dopamine levels in the frontal cortex. So antipsychotics not only lack the ability to treat these symptoms, but could make them more intense, because they further reduce dopamine activity levels in the frontal cortex.
134
what do anti psychotics bind to
dopamine receptors
135
what can atypical antipsychotics treat that typical antipsychotics can't
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
136
what do atypical and typical antipsychotics both do?
bind to dopamine receptors in order to block dopamine. atypical bind to dopamine for shorter periods of time but typical antipsychotics bind to dopamine for longer periods of time
137
what are traditional antipsychotics know as
typical antipsychotics
138
what is a meta analysis?
a combination and analysis of results of the results from multiple studies
139
how did Leuchts study support atypical antipsychotics
conducted a metanalysis of 65 previous studies to compare and analyse all results on the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs
140
what did Leucht find
- He found that antipsychotics were more affective at treating schizophrenia than a placebo.
- he found that antipsychotic drugs led to lower relapse rates
- antipsychotics led to less severe positive symptoms
141
why do atypical antipsychotics lead to fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics ?
Atypical antipsychotics bind to dopamine receptors for a shorter period of time than typical antipsychotics. By allowing dopamine to still bind to the receptors from time-to-time, people who take atypical antipsychotics typically experience less side effects, because there is less disruption to dopamine activity in all areas of the brain.
142
what did Crossley find between atypical and typic antipsychotics ?
he found that there was no significant differences between atypical and typical antipsychotic in how effect they were at preventing symptoms. and he found that atypical antipsychotics had fewer side effects and didn't cause extra pyramidal symptoms
143
what did Crossley study?
meta-analysis of 15 studies on the effectiveness of antipsychotics
144
what is a limitation of atypical and typical antipsychotics ?
One limitation of both types of antipsychotics is that people with schizophrenia have a high likelihood of relapsing if they stop taking their medication. This is important because drugs might not be treating the underlying cause of the disorder - they may just be blocking the symptoms.
145
what are the differences between atypical and typical antipsychotics ?
- typical antipsychotics are unable to treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia, why atypical antipsychotics can.
- a typical have fewer side effects than typical
- typical antipsychotics bind to dopamine receptors for longer periods of time compared to atypical antipsychotics.
146
what is an advantage of antipsychotic drugs
An advantage is that for most sufferers, antipsychotic drugs successfully calm the effects of schizophrenia. Silverman (1987) stated that antipsychotic have beneficial side effects for some people in increasing levels of attention and information processing.
147
what does Silverman suggest antipsychotics?
he states that antipsychotics have beneficial side effects for some people in increasing levels of attention and information processing.
148
what is chlorpromazine
is probably the most widely used antipsychotic and was first used on schizophrenia patients 1952 by delay and Denver.
149
what did Kane suggest about Chlorpromazine
that it has been found to be more effective than the phenothiazines, helping approximately 80-85% of schizophrenia.
150
what is the name of the mental process that deals with noticing the stimuli in our environment?
perception
151
what is the name of the mental process of selecting which stimulus to focus on?
attention
152
what is the name of the mental process by which the mind stores information?
memory
153
according to the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia, the symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by?
- dysfunctional mental processes
- dysfunctional attention
- dysfunctional reasoning
154
what is double blind communication?
is where a pair of messages are mutually contradictory the child doesn't know how to respond to the conflict between the words and body language. this causes confusion and leads to a state of internal conflict
155
how does double blind lead to the development of schizophrenia
the result is that the children lose their grip on reality. if double blind messages are presented continually and habitually within the family context from infancy, then by the time the child is old enough to have identified the double blind situation, it has already been internalised and the child is unable to confront it.
the solution then is to create an escape from conflicting logical demands of the double blind into the world of delusions.
156
what is expressed emotion?
is a qualitative measure of the amount of emotion displayed when a family setting, usually by family members or caretakers
157
what can expressed emotion be measured by?
it can be measured by the Camberwell family interview or the five minute speech sample.
158
what can high levels of expressed emotion within the home result in with a schizophrenic patient?
- worsen the prognosis a high level EE within the home of the schizophrenic
- increase likelihood of relapse and readmission into hospital for the patient.
159
what are the three dimensions that high EE household made up of?
1. hostility 2. emotional over-involvement 3.critical comments
160
what is hostility
Hostility is a negative attitude directed at the patient because the family feels that the disorder is controllable and that the patient is choosing not to get better. Problems in the family are often blamed on the patient. The family believes that the cause of many of the family’s problems is the patient’s mental illness.
161
what is emotional over-involvement
It is termed ‘emotional over-involvement’ when the family members blame themselves for the mental illness. This is commonly found in females. The family member shows a lot of concern for the patient and the disorder. This is the opposite of a hostile attitude, but still has the same negative effect on the patient as it makes the patient feel guilty. The pity from the relative causes too much stress and the patient relapses to cope with the pity.
162
what is critical comments
Critical attitudes are combinations of hostile and emotional over-involvement. It shows an openness that the disorder is not entirely in the patients control but there is still negative criticism. Critical parents often influence the patient’s siblings to be the same way.
163
how does expressed emotion result in a relapse ?
This high level of EE becomes too much for the patient to handle as they must deal with criticism from those they would need support from in their time of recovery.
This stress may cause the patient to relapse and make them fall into a cycle of rehabilitation and relapse. The only way to escape this cycle is for the family to go through Family Intervention Therapy together.This will greatly lower family conflicts and reduce the amount of EE within the household.
164
what is the Camberwell family interview?
The CFI is conducted with the patient's close relatives (family caregiver) without the patient being present.During the interview, relative's speech is recorded and later used for coding. The interview focuses on the level of stress in the household, irritability among the family members, participation of the patient in routine household tasks and the daily routines of the patient and various family members or overall family functioning.If a close family member makes six or more critical comments and makes any statement that is rated as hostile, or shows indication of marked over involvement (a rating of 3 or more on a 0 – 5 scale), the relative is classified as high in EE.
165
what is the five minute speech sample?
The five-minute speech sample (FMSS) is similar to the CFI in that family members talk about their patient and their relationship for five uninterrupted minutes and the speech is recorded and later coded for the overall level of EE. One or more critical comments, negative comments about their relationship, or a critical statement at the start of the interview are all indicative of high criticism on FMSS.
166
what is the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia based on?
The cognitive explanation of schizophrenia is based around the idea of faulty information processing and faulty thinking.
167
how do non-schizophrenic brains process stimuli?
In non-schizophrenic brains, we are able to filter incoming stimuli and process them to extract meaning. It is thought that these filtering mechanisms and processing systems are defective in the brains of schizophrenics.
168
how does the cognitive approach explain hallucinations ?
The cognitive approach agrees with the biological approach in that during hallucinations they suggest the brains of people with Sz are producing strange and unreal sensations (triggered biologically) . The cognitive approach then says the disorder develops further when the individual attempts to understand the sensory experiences and is then worsened by those around them.
169
what are the two kinds of dysfunctional thought processing that could underlie some symptoms that are identified by Cristopher Firth et al. (1992)
1. metarepresentation
| 2. central control
170
what is metarepresentation?
is the cognitive ability to reflect on our own thoughts, actions, goals and intentions. It also allows us to interpret the actions of others. If this ability is impaired, we could not easily distinguish between what actions or thoughts are being carried out by us or by other people.
171
what is thought insertion?
feeling as if one's control are not one's own, but rather belong to someone else and have been inserted into one's mind.
172
what is central control?
is our ability to supress automatic responses and instead only act on/perform those that are deliberate.
173
what symptoms does central control explain?
Disorganised speech & thought disorder could results from the inability to control those automatic thoughts and the speech that is triggered from those thoughts.For example, people who suffer with schizophrenia tend to experience derailment of thoughts and spoken sentences because each word triggers associations, and the patient cannot supress automatic response to these.
174
what is jumping to conclusions bias ?
a tendency to assume something about a particular situation, based on little evidence
175
what is persecution bias ?
a tendency to believe that you are being singled out and unfairly treated
176
what is the cognitive explanation for schizophrenia?
the symptoms of schizophrenia are cased by dysfunctional mental processes
177
according to the cognitive explanation, which dysfunctional mental process cause someone to have schizophrenia
reasoning an attention
178
what is dysfunctional attention
when someone gets easily distracted and tends to over focus their attention on irrelevant details
179
what are the two types of dysfunctional reasoning
- persecution bias
| - jumping to conclusion bias
180
what is the first step in how dysfunctional thought processes cause delusions?
dysfunctional attention causes patients to over focus on small irrelevant details of real events and coincidences. this leads to patients experiencing delusions because the patient tries to explain why coincidences keep happening but, their dysfunctional reasoning makes their explanation irrational, causing a delusional disbelief.
181
according to cognitive explanation of schizophrenia what is the first step in how dysfunctional processes cause hallucinations?
due to dysfunctional attention, people over focus on things that they imagine.
182
according to cognitive explanation of schizophrenia what is the second step in how dysfunctional processes cause hallucinations?
over focussing on imagined events causes the imagined events to begin to feel real. As a result, people with schizophrenia do not know the difference between things that they imagine and things that have actually happened.
183
according to cognitive explanation of schizophrenia what is the final step in how dysfunctional processes cause hallucinations?
people with schizophrenia struggle to tell the difference between things that they imagine and things that have actually happened.
184
according to cognitive explanations of schizophrenia what is the first step in how dysfunctional processes lead negative symptoms?
patients start to become overwhelmed by their abnormal experiences, hallucinations and delusions.
185
according to cognitive explanations of schizophrenia what is the second step in how dysfunctional processes lead to negative symptoms?
pants want to avoid their experiences, hallucinations or delusions
186
according to cognitive explanations of schizophrenia what is the third/final step in how dysfunctional processes lead to negative symptoms?
patients isolate themselves from the outside world which leads to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
187
explain the similarities and differences between the cognitive explanations for delusions and hallucinations.
Hallucinations are when people with schizophrenia over focus on things that they imagined, whereas delusions cause people with schizophrenia to focus on small irrelevant details and coincidences in real events. Dysfunctional attention and reasoning cause delusions, whereas hallucinations are caused just by dysfunctional attention. Dysfunctional attention is when people with schizophrenia over focus on something.
188
what did O'Carroll investigate?
reviewed studies that investigated mental dysfunctional. he reviewed studies on people with schizophrenia. he reviewed studies on people who were at risk of developing schizophrenia.
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what did O'Carroll studies show ?
Dysfunctional mental processes may cause the symptoms of schizophrenia and 75% of patients displayed dysfunctional mental processes.
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limitation of the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia?
it does not account for the role of the biological factors in schizophrenia.
