Approaches in psychology- humanistic Flashcards

Question

who is Carl Rogers?

Answer 1

used humanistic counselling to help patients reach their full potential and be happy

Answer 2

developed a method of humanistic counselling, based on this theory of the self

Answer 3

what you think of yourself

Answer 4

is what you would like to be

Answer 5

everyone's ideal self will be unique

Answer 6

the self concept is what you think about yourself whereas, the ideal self is what you would like to be

Answer 7

they are congruent (in agreement)

Answer 8

Carl Rogers humanistic counselling

Answer 9

people may experience psychological issues like feelings of sadness, anxiety and insecurity

Answer 10

what we think we need to change about ourselves, in order to have self worth

Answer 11

someone's ideal self would not be congruent with their self-concept

Answer 12

unconditional positive regard as it removes a clients condition of worth allowing them to achieve congruence

Answer 13

is achieving congruence by having no conditions of worth, congruence of the self-concept and ideal self

Answer 14

Abraham Maslow in the 1940s

Answer 15

behaviourists used a lot of animals in their research. behaviourists reject free will. behaviourists based their research on the assumption that everyone is the same

Answer 16

behaviourist approach

Answer 17

humanistic psychology reject the scientific method, whereas the other approaches accept and use the scientific method

Answer 18

Rogers felt that Feud had dealt with the “sick half” of psychology, so the humanistic approach concerned itself with explanations of healthy growth in individuals – a positive image of the human condition

Answer 19

- Humans have a basic need to feel nurtured and valued by significant people in their lives, such as parents (love, praise and acceptance). - Children who receive negative regard, such as criticism and blame, develop low self-esteem.To avoid this, the parent’s should blame the behaviour not the child. - f this is given freely, without conditions (unconditional positive regard), then people will develop a healthy sense of self-worth, recognising their abilities and difficulties.

Answer 20

The greater the gap between the ideal self and the actual self, the greater the incongruence. Incongruence can lead to low self-worth and maladjustment.

Answer 21

Defence mechanisms (distortion, denial, blocking) can stop the self from growing and changing, and widen the gulf between our ideal self and true self.

Answer 22

Carl Rogers into child-centred therapy (CCT)

Answer 23

rogers developed client,-centred image

Answer 24

is where the client is encouraged to develop positive self-regard and overcome the mismatch between their perceived self, true self and ideal self.

Answer 25

he aim is to help the client become a ‘whole’ (gestalt) person by getting them to accept every aspect of themselves.

Answer 26

one strength of the humanistic approach is that it is more valid than the other approaches. This because the humanistic psychologists reject any attempt to break up behaviour and experiences into smaller components. This means that they advocate holism, the idea that subjective experiences can only be understood by considering the whole person. Another strength of the humanistic approach is that it is optimistic. Humanistic psychologists have been praised for bringing the person back into psychology and promoting a positive image for the human condition. Freud saw humans as slaves to their past and claimed that all of us consisted between “common happiness and absolute despair”. In contrast, humanistic psychologists see all people as good, free to work towards the achievement of their potential and in control of their lives. This suggests that the humanistic approach offers a refreshing and optimistic alternative to the other approaches.

Answer 27

Harter et al (1996) found that teenagers who feel that they have to fulfil certain conditions in order to gain their parents approval frequently end up not liking themselves. The researchers also found that those who create a false self are more likely to develop depression and a tendency to lose touch with their true self.

Answer 28

A limitation of the humanistic approach is that it suffers from cultural bias. This means that interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture. There are cultural differences in the hierarchy such as in China belonging is more fundamental than physiological needs, also self-actualisation was defined in terms of the community not the individual. This means that in different cultures there is differences in what is seen as more important on the hierarchy. Another limitation of the humanistic approach is that it includes untestable concepts. This means that in the humanistic approach there is a number of vague ideas that are abstract and difficult to test. Concepts such as self-actualisation and congruence may be useful in therapy but it difficult to test under experimental conditions. Rogers did attempt to introduce more rigour into his work by developing the Q-sort: a technique that attempts to provide an objective measure of progress in therapy by assessing congruence. Nevertheless, as would be expected of an approach that describes itself as “anti-scientific”, humanistic psychology is short of empirical evidence to support its claims

Answer 29

that psychology should be scientific study of human behaviour

Answer 30

empirical and objective

Answer 31

to help people achieve self-actualisation; their full human potential

Answer 32

the subjective human experience

Answer 33

we don't have control over our behaviour

Answer 34

- the other approaches think the purpose of psychology is to be scientific study of human behaviour. - the other approaches focus on objective empirical explanations for why people behave the way they do

Answer 35

- for the humanistic approach it is a strength that the approach assumes free will. free will is a strength because the notion of free will matches our subjective experience of life. also it allows us to improve and achieve self-actualisation - a major strength for the humanistic approach is the application of client centred therapy or humanistic therapy, which emphasises the clients free will and subjective experience

Answer 36

free will isn't a strength, because subject experience is not important. psychology should focus on scientific explanations of behaviour.

Answer 37

unconditional positive regard, helping the client reach congruence between the self-concept and ideal self, removing conditions of worth

Answer 38

cognitive approach

Answer 39

- they can't be operationalised - it is not possible to test cause and effect. - they can't be used to make predictions

Answer 40

its that its methods aren't scientific, because they are based on abstract vague concepts. concepts like self-actualisations and congruence can't be operationalised, which means we can't test cause and effect relationships, or make predictions about behaviour -it ignores biological explanations for behaviour because in trying to offer a holistic account of behaviour, it can't incorporate more reductionists accounts of psychological disorders such as biological explanations.

Answer 41

- incongruence is caused by a client's conditions of worth | - incongruence is caused by client's self-concept and real self being different

Answer 42

if a therapist provides unconditional positive regard

Answer 43

the humanistic approach is holistic

Answer 44

The concept of free will matches our subjective experience of life. Moreover, assuming free will allows us to improve and achieve self-actualisation, which is a key focus of the humanistic approach.