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Psychology Year 13 > Approaches in psychology- humanistic > Flashcards

Approaches in psychology- humanistic Flashcards

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1
Q

What does humanistic psychology reject?

A

Behavioural approach of the world (stimulus-response) and the deterministic view and instead states that human possess free will

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2
Q

What would the humanistic psychologists argue about a persons behaviour

A

To fully understand a person’s behaviour and mental processes you must appreciate the individuals perceptions , feelings and experiences

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3
Q

What did Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focus on?

A

Focuses on the importance of personal growth and fulfilment of needs

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4
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Hierarchy of needs can be represented as a pyramid. The most basic physiological and safety needs are at a base, followed by love and belongingness and esteem needs. Then to advanced needs at the top

Each level must be fulfilled before a person can move up to the highest ‘growth need’ of self-actualisation

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5
Q

why did Maslow develop the hierarchy

A

developed the Hierarchy as a way for employers to get the best out of their employees by understanding their needs.

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6
Q

what are physiological needs ?

A

Air, water, food, drink, warmth, sex, sleep

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7
Q

what are safety needs?

A

Protection, security, order, law, limits, stability

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8
Q

what are Belonging and love needs?

A

family, affection, relationships, work groups

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9
Q

what are self-esteem needs?

A

Achievement, status, responsibility

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10
Q

what are cognitive needs?

A

Able to think for ourselves, solve problems

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11
Q

what are Aesthetic needs?

A

Beauty, prettiness, appreciation

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12
Q

what is self-actualisation

A

personal growth, fulfilment and reaching your full potential

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13
Q

what is free will

A

the freedom to choose how to act in in a way that they want

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14
Q

what is the first assumption of the humanistic approach

A

humans have free will

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15
Q

what is the second assumption of the humanistic approach

A

everyone is unique this means that we can never generalise the results of an experiment

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16
Q

what do behaviourist psychologists believe about the humanistic approach?

A

it is not possible to apply the scientific method to humanistic psychology

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17
Q

explain why the humanistic approach is incompatible with the scientific method

A

The scientific method rejects the notion of free will, which is a core belief of humanistic psychology.
Furthermore, the scientific approach assumes that findings from a sample of participants can be generalised to other people, whereas the humanistic approach believes that everyone is unique.

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18
Q

Maslow thought that there was a hierarchy of needs. what does this mean

A

Maslow ranked human needs based on how important they are

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19
Q

what is the first level of needs

A

basic needs such as physiological and safety needs

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20
Q

what is the second level of needs

A

psychological needs such as the need love and belonging and esteem

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21
Q

what does the need for esteem mean?

A

the need for respect

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22
Q

what is self-actualisation

A

fulfilling our human potential

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23
Q

examples of fulfilling our human potential

A

understanding, knowledge, experiencing beauty and creative expression

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24
Q

examples of humanistic assumptions

A

free will and humans are unique

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25
Q

who is Carl Rogers?

A

used humanistic counselling to help patients reach their full potential and be happy

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26
Q

what did Carl Rogers develop and what was it based on

A

developed a method of humanistic counselling, based on this theory of the self

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27
Q

what is self-concept

A

what you think of yourself

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28
Q

what is the ideal self

A

is what you would like to be

29
Q

in humanistic psychology, what can we assume about someone’s ideal self

A

everyone’s ideal self will be unique

30
Q

what is Carl Rogers theory of the self

A

the self concept is what you think about yourself whereas, the ideal self is what you would like to be

31
Q

what does it mean when the ideal-self matches the self-concept

A

they are congruent (in agreement)

32
Q

what can someone benefit from if their selves are not congruent

A

Carl Rogers humanistic counselling

33
Q

what will happen if a person’s selves are not congruent

A

people may experience psychological issues like feelings of sadness, anxiety and insecurity

34
Q

what is conditions of worth

A

what we think we need to change about ourselves, in order to have self worth

35
Q

conditions of worth are the reason why

A

someone’s ideal self would not be congruent with their self-concept

36
Q

what is the key feature of humanistic counselling

A

unconditional positive regard as it removes a clients condition of worth allowing them to achieve congruence

37
Q

what is self-actualisation according to Rogers

A

is achieving congruence by having no conditions of worth, congruence of the self-concept and ideal self

38
Q

who founded the humanistic approach and when

A

Abraham Maslow in the 1940s

39
Q

why did Maslow not like the behaviourist approach in psychology

A

behaviourists used a lot of animals in their research. behaviourists reject free will. behaviourists based their research on the assumption that everyone is the same

40
Q

what was the humanistic approach a response to

A

behaviourist approach

41
Q

why is the humanistic approach very different from other approaches that followed behaviourism

A

humanistic psychology reject the scientific method, whereas the other approaches accept and use the scientific method

42
Q

what does Carl rogers day about Freud

A

Rogers felt that Feud had dealt with the “sick half” of psychology, so the humanistic approach concerned itself with explanations of healthy growth in individuals – a positive image of the human condition

43
Q

what are Carl Rogers assumptions

A
  • Humans have a basic need to feel nurtured and valued by significant people in their lives, such as parents (love, praise and acceptance).
  • Children who receive negative regard, such as criticism and blame, develop low self-esteem.​To avoid this, the parent’s should blame the behaviour not the child.
  • f this is given freely, without conditions (unconditional positive regard), then people will develop a healthy sense of self-worth, recognising their abilities and difficulties.​
44
Q

what happens the bigger the gap between the ideal self and self concept

A

The greater the gap between the ideal self and the actual self, the greater the incongruence. ​Incongruence can lead to low self-worth and maladjustment.

45
Q

example of something that can widen the gap between the self-concept and the ideal-self.

A

​Defence mechanisms (distortion, denial, blocking) can stop the self from growing and changing, and widen the gulf between our ideal self and true self.

46
Q

who developed the Q-sort by Stephenson

A

Carl Rogers into child-centred therapy (CCT)

47
Q

how rogers reduce the gap between self-concept and ideal self.

A

rogers developed client,-centred image

48
Q

what is child-centred therapy

A

is where the client is encouraged to develop positive self-regard and overcome the mismatch between their perceived self, true self and ideal self.​

49
Q

what is Gestalt therapy

A

he aim is to help the client become a ‘whole’ (gestalt) person by getting them to accept every aspect of themselves.

50
Q

strengths of humanistic approach

A

one strength of the humanistic approach is that it is more valid than the other approaches. This because the humanistic psychologists reject any attempt to break up behaviour and experiences into smaller components. This means that they advocate holism, the idea that subjective experiences can only be understood by considering the whole person.

Another strength of the humanistic approach is that it is optimistic. Humanistic psychologists have been praised for bringing the person back into psychology and promoting a positive image for the human condition. Freud saw humans as slaves to their past and claimed that all of us consisted between “common happiness and absolute despair”. In contrast, humanistic psychologists see all people as good, free to work towards the achievement of their potential and in control of their lives. This suggests that the humanistic approach offers a refreshing and optimistic alternative to the other approaches.

51
Q

supporting evidence for strength of humanistic approach

A

Harter et al (1996) found that teenagers who feel that they have to fulfil certain conditions in order to gain their parents approval frequently end up not liking themselves.​
The researchers also found that those who create a false self are more likely to develop depression and a tendency to lose touch with their true self.

52
Q

limitations of the humanistic approach

A

A limitation of the humanistic approach is that it suffers from cultural bias. This means that interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one’s own culture. There are cultural differences in the hierarchy such as in China belonging is more fundamental than physiological needs, also self-actualisation was defined in terms of the community not the individual. This means that in different cultures there is differences in what is seen as more important on the hierarchy.

Another limitation of the humanistic approach is that it includes untestable concepts. This means that in the humanistic approach there is a number of vague ideas that are abstract and difficult to test. Concepts such as self-actualisation and congruence may be useful in therapy but it difficult to test under experimental conditions. Rogers did attempt to introduce more rigour into his work by developing the Q-sort: a technique that attempts to provide an objective measure of progress in therapy by assessing congruence. Nevertheless, as would be expected of an approach that describes itself as “anti-scientific”, humanistic psychology is short of empirical evidence to support its claims

53
Q

what do the psychodynamic approach, the behaviourist approach , the cognitive approach and the social learning theory?

A

that psychology should be scientific study of human behaviour

54
Q

in order for psychology to be scientific, it must be…

A

empirical and objective

55
Q

what is the purpose of humanistic psychology?

A

to help people achieve self-actualisation; their full human potential

56
Q

what do humanistic psychologists believe psychology should focus on

A

the subjective human experience

57
Q

what does it mean if a study assumes determinism?

A

we don’t have control over our behaviour

58
Q

in what way do the other approaches differ from humanistic psychology?

A
  • the other approaches think the purpose of psychology is to be scientific study of human behaviour.
  • the other approaches focus on objective empirical explanations for why people behave the way they do
59
Q

strength of the humanistic approach?

A
  • for the humanistic approach it is a strength that the approach assumes free will. free will is a strength because the notion of free will matches our subjective experience of life. also it allows us to improve and achieve self-actualisation
  • a major strength for the humanistic approach is the application of client centred therapy or humanistic therapy, which emphasises the clients free will and subjective experience
60
Q

what do the other approaches say about free will?

A

free will isn’t a strength, because subject experience is not important. psychology should focus on scientific explanations of behaviour.

61
Q

what are the features of humanistic counselling?

A

unconditional positive regard, helping the client reach congruence between the self-concept and ideal self, removing conditions of worth

62
Q

what approach is CBT centred in nowadays?

A

cognitive approach

63
Q

what does it mean if the concepts in humanistic psychology are very subjective?

A
  • they can’t be operationalised
  • it is not possible to test cause and effect.
  • they can’t be used to make predictions
64
Q

what are the limitations of the humanistic method?

A

its that its methods aren’t scientific, because they are based on abstract vague concepts. concepts like self-actualisations and congruence can’t be operationalised, which means we can’t test cause and effect relationships, or make predictions about behaviour

-it ignores biological explanations for behaviour because in trying to offer a holistic account of behaviour, it can’t incorporate more reductionists accounts of psychological disorders such as biological explanations.

65
Q

according to humanistic psychology, what is congruence caused by?

A
  • incongruence is caused by a client’s conditions of worth

- incongruence is caused by client’s self-concept and real self being different

66
Q

how does Roger argue therapy can help a patient overcome their psychological problem?

A

if a therapist provides unconditional positive regard

67
Q

what is another way of saying that according to the humanistic approach, we can’t break down human behaviour into simpler parts?

A

the humanistic approach is holistic

68
Q

why is free will a strength in the humanistic approach

A

The concept of free will matches our subjective experience of life. Moreover, assuming free will allows us to improve and achieve self-actualisation, which is a key focus of the humanistic approach.

Psychology Year 13 (5 decks)

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