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A2 Psychology > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 3 family dysfunction explanations in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenogenic mother, double-bind theory, expressed emotion

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2
Q

What is the main idea that the biological explanation of schizophrenia suggests?

A

Schizophrenia runs in families

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3
Q

Name the theorist that found there was no single gene that contributed to schizophrenia and how many separate variations he found according to the biological explanation of schizophrenia

A

Ripke et al - 108 variations

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4
Q

Name the 2 subcategories in within the dopamine hypothesis in the biological explanation of schizophrenia

A

Hyperdopaminergia in subcortex, hypodopaminergia in cortex

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5
Q

Describe what the Hyperdopaminergia in subcortex idea talks about in the biological explanation of schizophrenia

A

An excess of dopamine receptors in Broca’s area, responsible for speech production, linked to speech poverty and auditory hallucinations

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6
Q

Describe what the hypodopaminergia in cortex idea talks about in the biological explanation of schizophrenia

A

Low levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex, responsible for thinking/decision making, linked to negative symptoms

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7
Q

Name the 2 main ideas that the biological explanation of schizophrenia talks about

A

The dopamine hypothesis, neural correlates

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8
Q

Name the negative symptom linked with neural correlate research in the biological explanation of schizophrenia

A

Avolition

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9
Q

Name the positive symptom linked with neural correlate research in the biological explanation of schizophrenia

A

Auditory hallucinations

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10
Q

Name the area associated with avolition in neaural correlate research

A

Ventral stratium

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11
Q

Why is reduced activity in the ventral stratium associated with severity of negative symptoms in the biological explanation of schizophrenia?

A

Motivation involves anticipation of rewards, if you’re experiencing avolition, you don’t care about rewards - reduced activity

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12
Q

Define avolition in the biological explanation of schizophrenia

A

Loss of motivation

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13
Q

Describe the research into neural correlates of positive symptoms in the biological explanation of schizophrenia

A

Scanned brains of patients experiencing auditory hallucinations and control group, asked them to identify whether a voice recording was theirs or someone else’s

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14
Q

Name the 2 types of antipsychotics in biological therapies for schizophrenia

A

Typical, atypical

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15
Q

Give an example of a typical antipsychotic stated in biological therapies for schizophrenia

A

Chloropromazine

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16
Q

Give an example of an atypical antipsychotic stated in biological therapies for schizophrenia

A

Clozapine

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17
Q

State the name given to typical antipsychotics in biological therapies for schizophrenia

A

Dopamine antagonists

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18
Q

Define ‘antagonist’ in biological therapies for schizophrenia

A

A chemical which reduces the action of a neurotransmitter

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19
Q

What do dopamine antagonists do in biological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

Normalises neurotransmission, reduces symptoms like hallucinations

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20
Q

What property allows for typical antipsychotics to calm patients in biological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

It is a sedative

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21
Q

What was the main purpose of developing atypical antipsychotics in biological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

To improve effectiveness and reduce negative side effects

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22
Q

What measures are taken to ensure patients’ safety taking atypical antipsychotics in biological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

Regular blood tests

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23
Q

How do atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine work in biological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

They bind to dopamine receptors, act on serotonin and glutamate too

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24
Q

Why are atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine given to suicidal patients in biological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

They reduce anxiety and depression

25
Q

Give 2 negative evaluation points for biological therapies for schizophrenia

A

Chemical-cosh argument, serious side effects

26
Q

Name the researcher who came up with the schizophrenogenic mother in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia

A

Fromm-Reichmann

27
Q

Which approach was Fromm-Reichmann’s schizophrenogenic mother based upon in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia?

A

The psychodynamic approach

28
Q

Describe the characteristics of the schizphrenogenic mother in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia

A

Cold, rejecting, controlling

29
Q

Describe the family climate created by the schizophrenogenic mother in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia

A

Climate of tension and secrecy

30
Q

Name the researcher who came up with the double-bind theory.

A

Bateson et al

31
Q

What is Bateson’s main idea in the double-bind theory in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia?

A

Developing child feels trapped, receiving mixed messages from parents (are they loved or not?)

32
Q

Give a positive evaluation point on Bateson’s double-bind theory in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia

A

He states this is not the only factor in developing schizophrenia, it is one of many risk factors

33
Q

What does Bateson say children are punished with in the double-bind theory in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia?

A

Withdrawal of love

34
Q

Bateson’s double-bind theory suggests that these children think that the world is confusing and dangerous, what does he say about this reflecting symptoms? (psychological explanations of schizophrenia)

A

Confusion reflects symptoms like disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions

35
Q

Briefly describe the expressed emotion idea in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia

A

Level of negative emotion expressed towards patients by carers.

36
Q

Give the 3 examples of expressed emotion in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia

A

Verbal criticism, hostility towards patient, emotional over-involvement in patient’s life.

37
Q

Name the 3 types of therapy in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia

A

CBT, family therapy, token economies

38
Q

What 2 does CBT help patients to do in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

Identify irrational thoughts, make sense of how delusions and hallucinations impacts their feelings and behaviour

39
Q

Name the researcher/case study into CBT in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia

A

Turkington et al, mafia

40
Q

What 2 things does family therapy aim to do in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

Improve communication in the family, reduce levels of expressed emotion (EE)

41
Q

What does family therapy aim to reduce in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

Stress caused by the family

42
Q

Who in particular are token economies aimed towards in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

Patients with maladaptive behaviour patterns

43
Q

How do patients develop maladaptive behaviour patterns in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?

A

Through institutionalisation (spending a long time in psychiatric hospitals)

44
Q

Give 2 examples of maladaptive behaviour in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia

A

Bad hygiene, not getting dressed

45
Q

What is the main idea that the interactionist approach to schizophrenia suggests?

A

There are biological, psychological and societal factors in the development of schizophrenia

46
Q

Name the main model and theorist in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

A

Diathesis-stress model, Meehl

47
Q

Define ‘diathesis’ in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

A

Vulnerability

48
Q

Define ‘stress’ in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

A

Negative psychological experience

49
Q

What does the original (Meehl’s) diathesis-stress model suggest in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia is entirely genetic, down to one single ‘schizogene’

50
Q

State what the modern understanding of diathesis suggests in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

A

There is no single ‘schizogene’ (not just genetic)

51
Q

Name the researcher who discovered there is no single schizogene in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

A

Ripke et al (108 variations)

52
Q

Suggest what type of model Read et al’s was and what is stated.

A

Neurodevelopmental model, early trauma affects developing brain

53
Q

Name the system that early childhood trauma like child abuse could affect.

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (HPA system)

54
Q

What does the modern understanding of stress suggest in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia?

A

Stress is now anything that risks triggering schizophrenia, not just psychological

55
Q

What does recent research suggest about cannabis and why? (interactionist approach to schizophrenia)

A

Stressor cannabis can increase risk of schizophrenia by up to 7 times, interferes with dopamine system

56
Q

What does the interactionist approach to schizophrenia suggest about treatment?

A

Treatment should be a combination of biological and psychological treatments

57
Q

Name a combination of treatments according to the interactionist approach to schizophrenia

A

Antipsychotics, CBT

58
Q

What does the treatment-causation fallacy suggest in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia?

A

A combination of treatments is more effective but that doesn’t make the approach correct

59
Q

Give a strength to the interactionist approach to schizophrenia that challenges that the approach is over-simplistic

A

Single gene idea is challenged by newer models.

A2 Psychology (5 decks)

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