Schizophrenia Flashcards
Name the 3 family dysfunction explanations in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia
Schizophrenogenic mother, double-bind theory, expressed emotion
What is the main idea that the biological explanation of schizophrenia suggests?
Schizophrenia runs in families
Name the theorist that found there was no single gene that contributed to schizophrenia and how many separate variations he found according to the biological explanation of schizophrenia
Ripke et al - 108 variations
Name the 2 subcategories in within the dopamine hypothesis in the biological explanation of schizophrenia
Hyperdopaminergia in subcortex, hypodopaminergia in cortex
Describe what the Hyperdopaminergia in subcortex idea talks about in the biological explanation of schizophrenia
An excess of dopamine receptors in Broca’s area, responsible for speech production, linked to speech poverty and auditory hallucinations
Describe what the hypodopaminergia in cortex idea talks about in the biological explanation of schizophrenia
Low levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex, responsible for thinking/decision making, linked to negative symptoms
Name the 2 main ideas that the biological explanation of schizophrenia talks about
The dopamine hypothesis, neural correlates
Name the negative symptom linked with neural correlate research in the biological explanation of schizophrenia
Avolition
Name the positive symptom linked with neural correlate research in the biological explanation of schizophrenia
Auditory hallucinations
Name the area associated with avolition in neaural correlate research
Ventral stratium
Why is reduced activity in the ventral stratium associated with severity of negative symptoms in the biological explanation of schizophrenia?
Motivation involves anticipation of rewards, if you’re experiencing avolition, you don’t care about rewards - reduced activity
Define avolition in the biological explanation of schizophrenia
Loss of motivation
Describe the research into neural correlates of positive symptoms in the biological explanation of schizophrenia
Scanned brains of patients experiencing auditory hallucinations and control group, asked them to identify whether a voice recording was theirs or someone else’s
Name the 2 types of antipsychotics in biological therapies for schizophrenia
Typical, atypical
Give an example of a typical antipsychotic stated in biological therapies for schizophrenia
Chloropromazine
Give an example of an atypical antipsychotic stated in biological therapies for schizophrenia
Clozapine
State the name given to typical antipsychotics in biological therapies for schizophrenia
Dopamine antagonists
Define ‘antagonist’ in biological therapies for schizophrenia
A chemical which reduces the action of a neurotransmitter
What do dopamine antagonists do in biological therapies for schizophrenia?
Normalises neurotransmission, reduces symptoms like hallucinations
What property allows for typical antipsychotics to calm patients in biological therapies for schizophrenia?
It is a sedative
What was the main purpose of developing atypical antipsychotics in biological therapies for schizophrenia?
To improve effectiveness and reduce negative side effects
What measures are taken to ensure patients’ safety taking atypical antipsychotics in biological therapies for schizophrenia?
Regular blood tests
How do atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine work in biological therapies for schizophrenia?
They bind to dopamine receptors, act on serotonin and glutamate too
Why are atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine given to suicidal patients in biological therapies for schizophrenia?
They reduce anxiety and depression
Give 2 negative evaluation points for biological therapies for schizophrenia
Chemical-cosh argument, serious side effects
Name the researcher who came up with the schizophrenogenic mother in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia
Fromm-Reichmann
Which approach was Fromm-Reichmann’s schizophrenogenic mother based upon in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia?
The psychodynamic approach
Describe the characteristics of the schizphrenogenic mother in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia
Cold, rejecting, controlling
Describe the family climate created by the schizophrenogenic mother in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia
Climate of tension and secrecy
Name the researcher who came up with the double-bind theory.
Bateson et al
What is Bateson’s main idea in the double-bind theory in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia?
Developing child feels trapped, receiving mixed messages from parents (are they loved or not?)
Give a positive evaluation point on Bateson’s double-bind theory in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia
He states this is not the only factor in developing schizophrenia, it is one of many risk factors
What does Bateson say children are punished with in the double-bind theory in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia?
Withdrawal of love
Bateson’s double-bind theory suggests that these children think that the world is confusing and dangerous, what does he say about this reflecting symptoms? (psychological explanations of schizophrenia)
Confusion reflects symptoms like disorganised thinking and paranoid delusions
Briefly describe the expressed emotion idea in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia
Level of negative emotion expressed towards patients by carers.
Give the 3 examples of expressed emotion in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia
Verbal criticism, hostility towards patient, emotional over-involvement in patient’s life.
Name the 3 types of therapy in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia
CBT, family therapy, token economies
What 2 does CBT help patients to do in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?
Identify irrational thoughts, make sense of how delusions and hallucinations impacts their feelings and behaviour
Name the researcher/case study into CBT in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia
Turkington et al, mafia
What 2 things does family therapy aim to do in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?
Improve communication in the family, reduce levels of expressed emotion (EE)
What does family therapy aim to reduce in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?
Stress caused by the family
Who in particular are token economies aimed towards in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?
Patients with maladaptive behaviour patterns
How do patients develop maladaptive behaviour patterns in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia?
Through institutionalisation (spending a long time in psychiatric hospitals)
Give 2 examples of maladaptive behaviour in the psychological therapies for schizophrenia
Bad hygiene, not getting dressed
What is the main idea that the interactionist approach to schizophrenia suggests?
There are biological, psychological and societal factors in the development of schizophrenia
Name the main model and theorist in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia
Diathesis-stress model, Meehl
Define ‘diathesis’ in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia
Vulnerability
Define ‘stress’ in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia
Negative psychological experience
What does the original (Meehl’s) diathesis-stress model suggest in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is entirely genetic, down to one single ‘schizogene’
State what the modern understanding of diathesis suggests in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia
There is no single ‘schizogene’ (not just genetic)
Name the researcher who discovered there is no single schizogene in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia
Ripke et al (108 variations)
Suggest what type of model Read et al’s was and what is stated.
Neurodevelopmental model, early trauma affects developing brain
Name the system that early childhood trauma like child abuse could affect.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (HPA system)
What does the modern understanding of stress suggest in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia?
Stress is now anything that risks triggering schizophrenia, not just psychological
What does recent research suggest about cannabis and why? (interactionist approach to schizophrenia)
Stressor cannabis can increase risk of schizophrenia by up to 7 times, interferes with dopamine system
What does the interactionist approach to schizophrenia suggest about treatment?
Treatment should be a combination of biological and psychological treatments
Name a combination of treatments according to the interactionist approach to schizophrenia
Antipsychotics, CBT
What does the treatment-causation fallacy suggest in the interactionist approach to schizophrenia?
A combination of treatments is more effective but that doesn’t make the approach correct
Give a strength to the interactionist approach to schizophrenia that challenges that the approach is over-simplistic
Single gene idea is challenged by newer models.
