Memory Flashcards
Name the 3 types of LTM in memory
Episodic, semantic and procedural
Describe how forgetting occurs in the interference theory in memory
2 pieces of info conflict
What is meant by interference in memory?
Memory/info is hard to locate
Name the 2 types of interference in memory
Proactive, retroactive
Define proactive interference in memory
An older memory interferes with a newer one
Define retroactive interference in memory
A newer memory interferes with an older one
What is meant by ‘effects of similarity’ in memory?
Interference is worse when the memories are similar
Name the researchers who conducted research into the effects of similarity in interference in memory and what did they study?
McGeoch + McDonald, retroactive interference
Name the 6 types of lists that McGeoch + McDonald’s participants studied in research into retroactive interference in memory
Synonyms, antonyms, unrelated words, nonsense syllables, 3 digit numbers, no list (rested)
Describe the findings of McGeoch + McDonald’s research into retroactive interference in memory
Most similar lists = worst recall
According to the retrieval failure explanation of forgetting, what causes forgetting? (in memory)
Insufficient cues
What is stored at the same time as a memory in retrieval failure in memory?
A cue
Name the researcher who came up with the encoding specificity principle in memory
Tulving
What was the main idea that Tulving’s encoding specificity principle suggests in memory?
The cue has to be present at encoding and retrieval for us to remember something
Name the 2 types of forgetting in memory
Context-dependent forgetting, state-dependent forgetting
Name the 2 explanations for forgetting in memory
Interference retrieval failure
Name the researchers/research into context-dependent forgetting in memory
Godden + Baddely, sea divers
Name the researchers/research into state-dependent forgetting in memory
Carter + Cassaday, antihistamines
Explain what is meant by the criticism of retrieval failure ‘recall V recognition’ in memory
Godden + Baddely only asked whether participants recognised a word from the list, not to recall it
What did Loftus + Palmer show participants in factors affecting EWT (misleading information) in memory?
Car crash clips
Give the mean speeds participants estimated in Loftus + Palmer’s study into EWT in memory
Smashed = 40.5mph , hit = 31.8mph
Name the 2 explanations about why misleading information affects EWT in memory
response-bias explanation, substitution explanation
Name the group who later reported seeing broken glass in Loftus + Palmer’s study and which explanation does this support? (memory)
‘Smashed’ verb group, substitution explanation
What does the response-bias explanation suggest in factors affecting EWT in memory?
Wording doesn’t affect memory, just how we choose to answer the question
What does the substitution explanation suggest in factors affecting EWT in memory?
Wording does change the memory
What can post-event discussion lead to? (memory)
Contaminated memory
Name the researcher/research into post-event discussion in memory
Gabbert, clip of crime
What percentage of people mistakenly recalled aspects of crime they didn’t see in Gabbert’s study into post-event discussion in memory
71%, control group = 0%
How could the tasks in Loftus + Palmer and Gabberts’ studies be criticised as artificial? (memory)
Participants weren’t at the scene of the crash or crime
What did Fisher + Geiselman say about improving EWT in memory?
EWT could be improved if police used better interviewing techniques
State the name given to the 4 interviewing techniques collectively in memory
The cognitive interview
Name the 4 techniques within the cognitive interview in memory
Report everything, reinstate context, reverse the order, change perspective
Describe the report everything technique in the cognitive interview in memory
Include every detail no matter how trivial
Describe the reinstate context technique in the cognitive interview in memory
Return to the scene in you head, imagining things like the weather
Describe the reverse order technique in the cognitive interview in memory and explain why it is used
Change the chronological order of event, makes it harder to lie
Describe the change perspective technique in the cognitive interview in memory
Imagine the event from someone else’s perspective eg the perpetrator
The advanced cognitive interview added additional elements to the original idea, what did this focus on? (memory)
Social dynamics of interaction
Name the researcher who came up with the advanced cognitive interview in memory
Fisher et al
What did Kohnken et al find as a criticism for the cognitive interview and give the details/percentages (memory)
CI increased accurate AND inaccurate recall, 81% increase in accurate, 61% increase in inaccurate
Why is a criticism for the CI that it is time consuming? (memory)
It takes more time than a standard interview eg building rapport
Name the researcher who provides supporting evident for the CI in memory and how did he find it?
Kohnken, meta-analysis of 50 studies
Name the researcher who said that the mulit-store model’s view of LTM is too simplistic and how many types of LTM there are (memory)
Tulving, 3
Describe episodic memory in memory and give an example
Ability to recall episodes from our lives, first day at school
Describe semantic memory in memory and give an example
General knowledge/ facts about the world, Eiffel tower is in France
Describe procedural memory in memory and give an example
Skills, driving a car
Which type of memory is time stamped? (memory)
Episodic
A strength of Tulving’s 3 types of LTM is clinical evidence in case studies. Explain what the evidence is and what it suggests (memory)
HM and Clive Wearings’ episodic memory was impaired following amnesia. Procedural memory was intact. This shows that there are separate types
Name the researchers that suggest there are only 2 types of LTM and explain what they say (memory)
Cohen + Squire, semantic + episodic are combined making ‘declarative memory’. (declarative + procedural are 2 types)
Define ‘coding’ in memory
Process of converting info from one form to another
Name the researcher who researched coding and the 4 groups he devised in memory
Baddely, acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, semantically dissimilar
State whether the recall was worse in acoustically similar lists or semantically similar lists in STM (immediate recall) in Baddeley’s research into coding in memory
Acoustically similar
State whether the recall was worse in acoustically similar lists or semantically similar lists in LTM (20 min interval) in Baddeley’s research into coding in memory
Semantically similar
Define ‘capacity’ in memory
How much info memory can hold at one time
Name the researcher who performed research into digit span in capacity of memory
Jacobs
Describe Jacob’s digit span study in memory
Participant was given a list of say 4 words, if they recalled correctly then they would have 5 etc
What is the digit span in Jacob’s study in memory?
The amount of items remembered without incorrect recall
Give the mean amount of digit span and letter span Jacob’s study into capacity found in memory
digit = 9.3 items, letter = 7.3 items
How does Jacobs say we achieve capacity in memory?
Chunking
Define ‘chunking’ in memory
Grouping sets of digits or letters together
Name the researchers who researched STM duration in memory
Peterson + Peterson
What did Peterson + Peterson say duration was in memory?
A defining feature of STM
Why were participants given a 3 digit number to count down from as well as a trigram in Peterson + Peterson’s study into STM duration in memory?
To stop maintenance rehearsal
When were participants told to stop counting backwards from a 3 digit number in Peterson + Peterson’s study into STM duration in memory
After 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds
What were the findings of Peterson + Peterson’s study into STM duration in memory?
STM has a very short duration without maintenance rehearsal
Give details of Bahrick’s study into LTM duration in memory
Participants in Ohio, aged 17-74 yrs, high school yearbooks
Give the 2 ways in which LTM duration was tested in Bahrick’s study into LTM duration in memory
Photo recognition, free recall
Give the findings of Bahrick’s study into LTM duration in memory
Photo recognition: tested within 15 yrs = 90% accurate, 48yrs = 70% accurate. Free recall: 15 yrs = 60%, 48 yrs = 30% accurate
What do the results from Bahrick’s study into LTM duration in memory show?
LTM has a big duration
Give a positive evaluation of Bahrick’s study into LTM duration in memory
The photos were meaningful to participants so had higher external validity
Give a negative evaluation of Peterson + Peterson’s study into STM duration in memory
Meaningless stimuli (consonant syllables)
Name the model that Atkinson + Shiffrin devised in memory
Multi-store model of memory
Name the 3 stores according to Atkinson + Shffrin’s multi-store model of memory
Sensory register, STM store, LTM store
How many stores does the sensory register have and what are they called? (memory)
2, iconic memory, echoic memory
Name the key process in the sensory register in memory
Attention
How is iconic memory coded in the sensory register in memory
Visually
How is echoic memory coded in the sensory register in memory
Acoustically
Give the capacity of STM in memory
7+/- 2 (5-9)
How is information coded in STM in memory?
Acoustically
How does LTM become permanent in memory?
When rehearsed for a prolonged time
Give supporting evidence of multi-store memory model/LTM having a duration of many years (memory)
Bahrick’s study involving high school yearbooks
What does the factors affecting EWT:anxiety explanation suggest anxiety has? (memory)
Strong emotional and physical effects
Name the researchers/research into negative effects of anxiety on EWT (memory)
Johnson + Scott, heated arguments with pen or knife
What did Johnson + Scott’s research into anxiety affecting EWT show? (memory)
The people in the low anxiety condition were more likely to identify the man compared to the high anxiety condition
What does the tunnel theory suggest about anxiety affecting EWT in memory?
Attention is focused on the weapon rather than the perpetrator
What does the positive anxiety effect on EWT explanation suggest? (memory)
Physiological arousal triggers fight or flight response
Name the environment Yuille + Cutshall studied in anxiety effects on EWT in memory
Shooting in a gun shop in Canada, owner shot a thief dead
What were the findings of Yuille + Cutshall’s study into anxiety effects on EWT in memory?
There was little change in accuracy between immediate police reports and interviews 5 months later
Give the shape shown on the graph in Yerkes-Dodson law (EWT in memory)
Inverted U
What is the purpose of the working memory model in memory?
Explain how STM is organised and how it functions
Name the 4 components of the working memory model in memory.
Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
Describe the role of the central executive in the working memory model in memory.
Monitors incoming data, allocates slave systems to tasks
Name the 2 components of the phonological store in the working memory model in memory.
Phonological store, articulatory process
Name the 2 components of the visuo-spatial sketchpad in the working memory model in memory.
Visual cache, inner scribe
Describe the role of the episodic buffer in the working memory model in memory.
Temporary store of all types of information
Describe the phonological store in the working memory model in memory.
The words you hear
Describe the articulatory process in the working memory model in memory.
Allows maintenance rehearsal
Describe the visual cache in the working memory model in memory.
Stores visual data
Describe the inner scribe in the working memory model in memory.
Records arrangement of objects
Describe the weakness ‘lack of clarity of CE’ in the working memory model in memory
It doesn’t really explain anything about the central executive
Describe the strength ‘dual task performance’ in the working memory model in memory (Baddely)
Visual + verbal tasks easier at same time because of separate slave systems, hard to do 2 of 1 type
