Relationships Flashcards
Name the 3 factors affecting attraction (Relationships)
Self-disclosure; physical attractiveness; filter theory
Define self-disclosure (Relationships)
Sharing what matters to us e.g. hopes and fears
Name 2 researchers that devised the social penetration theory (Relationships)
Altman & Taylor
Describe the social penetration theory (Relationships)
Reciprocal and gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone
Name the 2 elements of self-disclosure (Relationships)
Breadth & depth
Give an example of high risk information shared in self-disclosure (Relationships)
Painful memory
Describe the supporting evidence of self-disclosure (Relationships)
Hendrick found strong correlation between satisfaction and self-disclosure in straight couples
The fact of self-disclosure can be criticised as ‘culture-bound’, how? (Relationships)
Americans disclose sexual desires; Chinese don’t
Describe Shackleford’s finding into the factor of physical attractiveness (Relationships)
Symmetrical and neotenous faces rated as more attractive
Give 2 examples of neotenous features (Relationships)
Big eyes; small nose
Name the effect associated with the factor physical attractiveness (Relationships)
The halo effect
Define the halo effect (Relationships)
Preconceived idea about personality traits that attractive people have
Dion conducted research into the halo effect, what was found? (Relationships)
Physically attractive people rated as kind, strong and successful when compared against unattractive people
What is the halo effect called that? (Relationships)
One distinguishing feature has a disproportionate influence on judgement
Name the 3 researchers in physical attractiveness (Relationships)
Shackleford, Dion & Walster
What did Walster come up with in physical attractiveness? (Relationships)
The matching hypothesis
Describe Walster’s matching hypothesis (Relationships)
We can’t all form relationships with the most attractive people
Give a negative evaluation of the factor physical attractiveness (Relationships)
Individual differences; not everyone looks for physical attractiveness
Name 2 researchers who provide supporting evidence for the halo effect (Relationships)
Palmer & Peterson
What did Palmer & Peterson’s study into the halo effect find? (Relationships)
Physically attractive people rated as more politically knowledgeable
Name the 2 researchers who devised the filter theory (Relationships)
Kerckhoff & Davis
What does the filter theory suggest we have a field of? (Relationships)
Availables (who we could form a relationship with)
Name the 3 filter in Kerckhoff & Davis filter theory? (Relationships)
Social demography, similarity in attitudes and complementarity
Define complementarity (Relationships)
Complementing traits which the other lacks
Give and explain a negative evaluation of filter theory (Relationships)
Lack of temporal validity; on-line dating has reduced the need for first level filter
Give a positive evaluation of filter theory (Relationships)
Winch found that interests and personalities were similar in early relationship stages (echoes the matching hypothesis)
Name the 4 theories of romantic relationships (Relationships)
Social exchange theory; equity theory; Russboult’s investment model; Duck’s phase model
Name the 2 researchers that devised the social exchange theory (Relationships)
Thibault & Kelly
What type of an exchange is the social exchange theory? (Relationships)
Economic (minimise loss, maximise gain)
Give 3 examples of rewards in the social exchange theory (Relationships)
Companionship, sex, emotional support
Give 3 examples of costs in the social exchange theory (Relationships)
Stress, energy, compromise
Define comparison level in social exchange theory (Relationships)
The amount of reward you believe you deserve
What does the comparison level develop from? (Relationships)
Experiences from previous relationships and media
What does the comparison level for alternatives ask? (Relationships)
Would we have better profits from a relationship elsewhere?
Name the 4 stages of relationship development according to the social exchange theory (Relationships)
Sampling, bargaining, commitment, institutionalisation
Give 2 negative evaluations of social exchange theory (Relationships)
Ignores equity; it’s difficult to quantify rewards and costs
Name the researcher who devised the equity theory (Relationships)
Walster
Define equity (Relationships)
Perceived fairness
Describe how equity occurs (Relationships)
When both partners have roughly the same level of profit
What can over-benefitting or under-benefitting in a relationship lead to? (Relationships)
Dissatisfaction
Give 3 examples of how dissatisfaction can be shown (Relationships)
Anger, hostility, humiliation
Give a negative evaluation of Walster’s equity theory (Relationships)
Cultural issues (individualist cultures are most satisfied when equitable whereas collectivist cultures were most satisfied when over-benefitting)
Name the researcher who provides supporting evidence for the equity theory (Relationships)
Utne
Describe Utne’s supporting evidence (Relationships)
Couples that had been married that got married after at least 2 years together were the most satisfied when relationship was equitable compared to under and over-benefitting
Name the 3 factors that affect commitment in Rusbalt’s investment model (Relationships)
Satisfaction level, comparison with alternatives and investment size
Define investment (Relationships)
Anything we could lose if relationship ended
How many types of investment are there in Rusbalt’s investment model? (Relationships)
2
Name the 2 types of investment in Rusbalt’s investment model (Relationships)
Intrinsic and extrinsic
Define intrinsic investment (Relationships)
Things put directly into a relationship
Give 2 examples of intrinsic investment (Relationships)
Money, possessions
Define extrinsic investment (Relationships)
Didn’t feature at first, but are now associated to relationship
Give 4 examples of extrinsic investment (Relationships)
Car brought together, mutual friends, children, memories
Give a positive evaluation of Rusbalt’s investment model (Relationships)
Explains why dissatisfied people might stay in a relationship (abusive)
What does Rusbalt say about satisfaction? (Relationships)
It’s not the same as commitment and they should not get confused
Give a negative evaluation of Rusbalt’s investment model (Relationships)
Methodological issues based on questionnaires and other self-report techniques
What does Duck’s phase model concentrate on?(Relationships)
Relationship breakdown
Name the 4 phases in Duck’s phase model (Relationships)
Intrapsychic, dyadic, social, grave-dressing
What type of processes/process does the intrapsychic phase focus on, and what happens as a result? (Relationships)
Cognitive process where one broods on the reason for dissatisfaction privately
What type of processes/process does the dyadic phase focus on, and what happens as a result? (Relationships)
Interpersonal process where dissatisfaction is aired through confrontation
Name the 2 outcomes of the dyadic phase (Relationships)
Continue to breakup or get a desire to repair the relationship
What type of processes/process does the social phase focus on, and what happens as a result? (Relationships)
Social network process, tell everyone and mutual friends pick a side
Duck and Rollie added a 5th stage to Duck’s phase model, what was it called? (Relationships)
Resurrection stage
What did Duck & Rollie’s resurrection stage lead to? (Relationships)
Individual turns to future relationships using experience from previous
Give a positive evaluation of Duck’s phase model (Relationships)
It emphasises external processes e.g. gossip
Give a negative evaluation of Duck’s phase model (Relationships)
It is based on retrospect after relationship ended (inaccurate recall)
