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schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

5 types of symptoms

A
  • behavioural
  • social
  • perceptual
  • affective\emotional
  • cognitive
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2
Q

eg of perceptual symptom

A

hallucinations (auditory)

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3
Q

eg of social symptoms

A

social withdrawal - not taking part \ enjoing

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4
Q

eg of cognitive symptoms

A

delusions

language imparments

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5
Q

types of delusions

A

delusions of grandeur (belive youre more important thet what you are)
of paranoia
of persecuton
of control

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6
Q

types of language imparments

A 
irrelevant\ incoherent speech
cognitive distractibility (can't mantain focus)
echolalia (repeat sounds other say)
speak nonsense
in nonsensical rhymes
invert words
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7
Q

types of delusions of control

A

thought insertion
thought withdrawal
thought broadcasting

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8
Q

what is DSM

A

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

list of mental health disorders, symptoms , how long

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9
Q

dsm should increase

A

reliability, same diagnosis
validity, -descriptive, how similar individuals diagnosted
-aetiological how similar causes are
-predictive, how useful in order to prescribe treatments

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10
Q

dsm to diagnose schizophrenia

A 
1 of
-delusions
-hallucinations
-disorganised speech
another one of
-disorganised or catatonic behaviour
-any negative symptoms
for at least 6 months and one month of positive symptoms.
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11
Q

eg of affective \ emotional symptoms

A

avolition (lose motivation)
lack of interest of hygiene and personal care
lack of emotions
inappropriate emotions

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12
Q

eg of behavioural symptoms

A

stereotyped behaviour - repeat actions (strange actions)
-psychomotor disturbance, not control muscles , catatonia , stay in position they’re put in, catatonic stupor (conscious and remember)

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13
Q

problems in reliability of diagnosis

A

cultural bias

gender bias

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14
Q

research in cultural bias in diagnosis

A

harriston et al
over diagnosis of weast indian patients in bristol
copeland et al, same patient 69% americans vs 2% uk

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15
Q

research in gender bias in diagnosis

A

290 psychiatrist, same symptoms, if patient male 56% if female 20%, not as clear if pratictioner was a woman

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16
Q

problems, research in validity of diagnosis

A
  • rosenhan pseudopatients, symptoms still seen

- symptoms overlap, present in other disorders, like avolition in depression

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17
Q

problem with validity and reliability in diagnosis

A

comorbidity, having 2 or more condition at the same time, difficult to diagnose as distinct (espetially schizophrenia), may be 2 but 1 not recognised yet

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18
Q

introduction schizophrenia

A

no agreed definition

  • thought process disoder
  • disruption of perceptions, emotions, beliefs
  • acute or chronic
  • 0.5% ppn
  • thought to have subtypes
  • m and f equally affected, m usually in early 20 f 4\5years later
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19
Q

explanation of schizophrenia biological factors

A
  • genetic factors
  • biochemical factors
  • neurological factors
  • evolutionary explanation
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20
Q

genetic explanation and research

A

-inhereted
-genetically related, increased chances of developing
-several genes that increase vulnerability
research : gottesman 40 twin studies mz:48% conc.
dz:17% , same amount of shared env,reason must be genetic difference

21
Q

evaluation genetic explanation

A

shields mz in different families 50% conc
adoption studies biological parents schizophrenic, same chances of developing it
- no 100%, other factors
- concordance higher bc of shared env, children imitate behaviour

22
Q

biochemical factors to explain schizophrenia

A

dopamine hypothesis

-post-mortem and per scans show high level of dopamine

23
Q

evaluation of biochemical factors

A

positive: - antipsychotic, block dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms
- amphetamines increase dopamine activity, schizophrenia like behaviours
negatoive: antipsychotic work only with positive symptoms
- correaltional

24
Q

neurological factors explain schizophrenia

A

abnormal brain structure

25
Q

evaluation neurological factors

A

positive

  • jhonstone et al compared ventricles and found enlarged ventricles,link to reduction of temporal and frontal lobe
  • MRI scans found abnormalities in prefrontal cortex
  • pl without schizophrenia can have enlarged ventricles
  • correlational
26
Q

explanation of schizophrenia, psychological factors

A
  • family dysfunction

- socio-cultural factors

27
Q

family dysfunction

A
  • high levels of interpersonal conflict
  • excessive critical parents
  • controlling children too much
  • contradictions
  • expressed emotions linked to relapse
28
Q

evaluation family dysfunction

A

lidz et al found that dysfunctions like distant parents can lead to stress that can lead to schizophrenia

  • ignores biological evidence
  • blame family and parents
  • studies are retrospective, the disease might have disrupted the family
29
Q

socio-cultural factors

A

social causation hypothesis, low social status more likely

  • poverty
  • discrimination
  • high stress level
30
Q

evaluation social causation hypothesis

A

harriston et al pl born in deprived areas more likely to develop schizophrenia
correlational, social drift hypothesis

31
Q

explanation of schizophrenia biological and psychological factors

A

diathesis- stress model
biological - reductionist
biological vulnerability + social\environmental stressor gives schizophrenia

32
Q

evaluation diathesis stress model

A

research support

backs up genetic link that is not 100%

33
Q

what drugs does the drug therapy use? what do they do?

A

-neuroleptics and antipsychotics to block dopamine receptors

34
Q

what are the 2 type of antipsychotic how do they differ

A 
typical
 - 1950s
-less used
-positive symptoms only
-severe side effects
atypical
-1970
-act on dopamine and serotonine 
-positive and negative symptoms
-severe side effects
35
Q

drug therapy evaluation

A

positive
-successful, more ppl live in society
-most used and effective
-almost all other treatments use drugs along side
negative
- not very effective with negative symptoms
-ethical issue ‘ chemical straitjacket’
-most ppl short-time side effects
-long time diabetes and tardive dyskinesia
-2\3 stop bc of side effects
-treat symp not cause ‘revolving door phenomenon’

36
Q

what is the issue chemical straitjacket?

A

doesn’t help the patient, just controls behaviour

37
Q

what is tardive dyskinesia

A

involuntary movement

38
Q

list the psychological therapies

A

token economies
family therapy
cognitive behaviour therapy

39
Q

outline family therapy

A 
identify and change faulty conditions 
-can use elli's ABC model
-reality test
-challenge beliefs
-see consequences
-positive self talk
gradually realise where faults are in thought patterns and change them
40
Q

research in cognitive behaviour therapy

A

chadwick - studied Nigel

  • special powers to predict what ppl were about to say
  • 50 tapes
  • didn’t predict any
  • conclude he had no special power
41
Q

evaluation cognitive behaviour therapy

A 
positive
-found effective when drug therapy wasn't 
-helps negative and positive symptoms 
-improvements 9 months after therapy
-patient in charge of own treatments
negative
-treat symptoms not cause
-effectiveness difficult to measure, based on subjective views 
-can become dependent on therapist
-intensive, not good for severe symptoms
-individual differences
42
Q

family therapy outline

A

reduce conflict and high emotions

sometimes along with drugs

43
Q

evaluation family therapy

A

positive
-pilling et all found a reduced rate of readmission
-useful for lack insight in own condition or can’t explain thoughts
negative
-informed consent might be difficult
-family needs to be engaged and open to changes

44
Q

outline token economies

A

based on operant conditioning
used in psychiatric institutions
socially desirable behaviours rewarded

45
Q

research in token economies

A

ayllon and azzin 45 females in a psychiatric unit showed massive improvement

46
Q

evaluation token economies

A 
positive
-significant improvement 
-helpful for chronic institutionalised ,lose motivation and care of them selves 
-Paul and Lentz found a greater improvement than hospitalisation
negative 
-no high ecological validity
-behaviour might be superficial
-ethical issue, doesn't help the patient
47
Q

psychological and biological approach

A

interactionist approach \ biopsychosocial approach
-hlistic
-combination of biological, behavioural and cognitive approach
biological is too simplistic, used along side

48
Q

evaluation interactionist approach

A 
positive
-none work exclusively 
-psychological therapy manages behavioural symptoms 
negative
-complicate and time consuming
-difficult to know which one is working 
-severe symptoms, lower willingness to try new things
-has to be appropriate and flexible

aqa psychology (8 decks)

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