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evaluation and research Flashcards

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1
Q

evaluation\research in behavioural approach to EXPLAIN phobias strengths

A
  • Watson and Rayner, little Albert, 11 months old, white fluffy objects and rat associated with loud scary noise, developed a phobia.
  • di Gallo 20% ppl that make car accidents develop phobia and avoid travelling by car (cc and oc)
  • effective therapies
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2
Q

evaluation\research on treating phobias strengths

A
  • ost et al 90% reduced anxiety of specific phobia after first session of flooding
  • Wolpe forced a girl with car phobias into a car and dived for hours until phobia was extinguished
  • brosnan found systematic desensitisation effective in technophobia
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3
Q

reliability in diagnosing shizophrenia (one research)

A

-beck 1962 sodenberg 2005 concordance diagnosis 54% to 81%

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4
Q

cultural bias in diagnosing shizophrenia

A
  • harriston et all found a over diagnosis of West Indians patients in Bristol
  • copeland found the same patient being diagnosed with schizophrenia 69% if practitioner American and 2% if British
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5
Q

gender bias in diagnosing schizophrenia

A

-loring and Powell found that 290 psychiatrist diagnosing same symptoms diagnosed 56% if male and 20% if female
not as clear with female practitioner

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6
Q

validity in diagnosing schizophrenia

A
  • rosenhan found that symptoms were still seen in pseudo patients in a psychiatric unit - labelled
  • symptoms overlap
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7
Q

evaluation\research in behavioural approach to phobias weaknesses

A
  • Davey only 7% spider phobia recalled traumatic event with spider, there must be another explanation.
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8
Q

evaluation\research on treating phobias weaknesses

A
  • flooding unethical, only if in good physical health
  • is imagination applicable in vivo?
  • works better with simple phobias
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9
Q

treating depression stenghts

A
  • most effective
  • David et al ppt treated with REBT compared to treated with drugs after 6 months and found better outcomes
  • patient in charge works out self help strategies
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10
Q

treating depression weaknesses

A
  • derubeis et all may only be effective with trained practitioner
  • patient can become dependent of therapist
  • needs verbal skills and to be able to speak about inner feelings
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11
Q

cognitive approach to explain depression strengths

A
  • beevers et all 27 females depression measured high or low 3 stimuli sad happy or neutral face different brain action when sad
  • saisto pregnant - neg thinking no chance personal goals, depression more likely
  • considers thoughts and beliefs
  • treatment is successful
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12
Q

cognitive approach to depression weaknesses

A
  • faulty thinking can be a consequence (chemical imbalance)
  • less success in manic bipolar disorder
  • ignores genetic explanation of inherited depression
    and behavioural explanation supported by Coleman
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13
Q

genetic explanation of schizophrenia strengths

A
  • gottesman 40 twin studies 48% mz 17% dz concordance (same shared environment)
  • shields mz in different families 50%
  • adoption studies support
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14
Q

genetic explanation of schizophrenia weaknesses

A
  • no 100% concordance
  • socially sensitive
  • shared environment in family studies
  • other explanations ignored
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15
Q

biochemical factors to explain schizophrenia strengths

A
  • antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms
  • amphetamines increase dopamine receptors activity and cause schizophrenia like symptoms in ppl without schizophrenia
  • iversen found excess dopamine in post mortem study
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16
Q

biochemical factors to explain schizophrenia weaknesses

A
  • antipsychotics only work for positive symptoms
  • correlational
  • Lloyd suggested that abnormal family circumstances lead to high dopamine levels and trigger schizophrenia symptoms
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17
Q

evolutionary explanation of schizophrenia evaluation

A
  • strong genetic link there must be an evolutionary explanation
  • little evidence, difficult to prove
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18
Q

neurological factors to explain schizophrenia strengths

A
  • Johnstone found enlarged ventricles and suggested link to a reduction of temporal and frontal lobe
  • tilo found with fmri a negative correlation between suffers and activation of wernicke’s area (coherent speech)
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19
Q

neurological factors to explain schizophrenia weaknesses

A
  • also ppl without schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles and not all schizophrenia suffers have
  • correlational
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20
Q

family dysfunction to explain schizophrenia strengths

A
  • Tienari studied adopted children with biological mother with schizophrenia, if adopted by healthy families= 5.8% development in dysfunctional families= 36.8%
  • patino 7 problems associated eg child abuse found in migrants that at least 3/7 were 4 times more likely to develop schizophrenia
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21
Q

family dysfunction to explain schizophrenia weaknesses

A
  • ignores biological causes
  • blame family and parents
  • studies retrospective could be the condition that disrupted the family
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22
Q

cognitive explanation of schizophrenia strengths

A
  • neufeld compared cognitive processes of schizophrenia suffers with control group, schizophrenic took longer to encode stimuli and solve sum problems
  • Meyer Lindenberg et all ppl with schizophrenia do worst in memory and reasoning tasks
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23
Q

cognitive explanation of schizophrenia weaknesses

A
  • could be caused by high dopamine, symptom not cause

- doesn’t fully explain, might need a link with biological explanation

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24
Q

socio cultural factors to explain schizophrenia strengths

A

Harrison et al found that ppl in deprived areas are more likely to develop it

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25
Q

socio cultural factors to explain schizophrenia weaknesses

A

correlational, social drift hypothese, live in deprived area because the dysfunction gives them a lower social status.

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26
Q

drug therapy for schizophrenia strengths

A
  • successful, more ppl live in society
  • most used and effective
  • almost all other treatments use drugs along side
  • Davis 100 studies found that antipsychotic are better than placebo 70%
  • marder atypical effective when typical wasn’t
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27
Q

drug therapy for schizophrenia weaknesses

A
  • not very effective with negative symptoms
  • ethical issue ‘ chemical straitjacket’
  • most ppl short-time side effects
  • long time diabetes and tardive dyskinesia
  • Liberman 3/4 stops bc of side effects, in typical mostly muscular disorder in atypical mostly weight gain -treat symp not cause ‘revolving door phenomenon’
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28
Q

what is revolving door phenomenon

A

patient constantly discharged and readmitted to hospital

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29
Q

what is the chemical issue chemical straight jaket

A

doesn’t help the patient but controls behaviour

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30
Q

genetic explanation of ocd strengths

A
  • Davis compared whole genome of ocd suffers and Tourette syndrome suffers and found a genetic correlation for both but with different gene architecture therefore they are distinct disorders
  • tanag et all used dog, have a similar ocd and identifying gene is easier found a particular gene variation
  • billet mz 68% dz 32% correlation
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31
Q

genetic explanation of ocd weaknesses

A

no 100% correlation in twin studies

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32
Q

neural explanation of ocd strengths

A
  • Hu found lower serotonin levels in ocd suffers
    -ssri drugs increase serotonin and reduce symptoms 50%\ 60% of cases
    -
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33
Q

neural explanation of ocd weaknesses

A

dosent show cause and effect

-ssri aren’t 100% effective, must be another explanation

34
Q

drug therapy for ocd strengths

A
  • ciccerone

- Julien found that ssri enabled a normal life style most of cases

35
Q

drug therapy for ocd weaknesses ssri

A
  • 50% don’t improve and 90% that improve relapse when stop taking
  • don’t cure but suppress symptoms
  • side effects eg headache nausea
  • can create addiction
36
Q

cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia strengths

A
  • chadwick - studied Nigel, special powers to predict what ppl were about to say, 50 tapes,didn’t predict any, conclude he had no special power
  • Sensky found effective when drug therapy wasn’t
  • helps negative and positive symptoms
  • improvements 9 months after therapy
  • patient in charge of own treatments
37
Q

cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia weaknesses

A
  • treat symptoms not cause
  • effectiveness difficult to measure, based on subjective views
  • can become dependent on therapist
  • intensive, not good for severe symptoms
  • individual differences
38
Q

family therapy for schizophrenia strengths

A
  • pilling et all found a reduced rate of readmission
  • useful for lack insight in own condition or can’t explain thoughts
  • Chinese study, comparison between drug therapy and drug + family, relapse halved in combined treatment
39
Q

family therapy for schizophrenia weaknesses

A
  • informed consent might be difficult

- family needs to be engaged and open to changes

40
Q

token economies to explain schizophrenia strengths

A
  • ayllon and azzin 45 females in a psychiatric unit showed massive improvement-significant improvement
  • helpful for chronic institutionalised ,lose motivation and care of them selves
  • Paul and Lentz found a greater improvement than hospitalisation
41
Q

token economies to explain schizophrenia weaknesses

A
  • no high ecological validity
  • behaviour might be superficial
  • ethical issue, doesn’t help the patient
42
Q

research in sex-roles stereotypes

A

Seavey et al 3-months-old introduced as :
girl
boy
a baby
-pps behaviour were different
-used sex-stereotyped toys (doll for girls)

43
Q

atypical gender development explanation research:

A
  • Gladue few if any hormonal differences between transsexual heterosexual and homosexual
  • Rekers evidence for social factors
  • Hare positive correlation between transexuals and variants of androgen receptors gene.
44
Q

researchers that found that high androgyny is advantageous in society

A

Taylor and hall

45
Q

biological influences on gender weaknesses

A

hyde meta analyses very small or no difference in male and female psychology

46
Q

research in oxytocin influencing gender

A
  • rimmelle fund that male ppt with increased serotonin had an improved facial recognition but same non-social recognition
  • van Lengoed injected antagonist of oxytocin in female rats, showed a delay in maternal behaviour
47
Q

kolberg’s theory of gender development positive

A
  • Thompson 3 yo more likely than 2 to know their gender
  • slaby and frey studied 2 to 6 yo children and results whew consistent with theory
    when watching videos of man or woman children at later stages paid more attention to own gender, earlier stages didn’t
  • Munroe found same stages in different cultures
48
Q

kolbergs’s theory of gender development negative

A

slaby and Frey found gender constancy before 6 yo

boys more likely than girls to pay more attention to video of own gender figure– isn’t explained

49
Q

gender schema theory who proposed it

A

Martin and halverson

50
Q

gender schema theory of gender development positive

A
  • bradbard children more likely to play with unfamiliar toys described for their own gender
  • Martin anf halverson children more likely to take info that fits with their schema, drawings of male and female doing a stereotyped activity or the opposite sex stereotypical activity, children more likely to remember the ones that matched
51
Q

gender schema theory of gender development negative

A
  • Campbell children awareness of gender (gender schema) has no effect on stereotypical behaviour
  • Alexander simultaneously showed male or female stereotypical toy to 3-8 months old infants, looked more at the matching, preference for stereotypical toys before 3 years old.
52
Q

psychodynamic explanation of gender positive

A
  • freud little Hans
  • wiszewska woman who had a close relationship with father as children were attracted to man physically similar to father
53
Q

psychodynamic explanation of gender negative

A
  • kirkpatrick found no difference between children raised in homosexual and heterosexual parents
  • non scientific, doesn’t use empirical methods, subjective, based on unconscious therefore unfalsifiable
54
Q

research in testosterone

A

money and ehrhardt girls with mother that took testosterone drugs during pregnancy exhibited male type behaviour

55
Q

lymbic system to explain aggression strengths

A
  • case of Charles Whitman killed 14 innocents his autopsy showed a temporal lobe tumor pressing on amygdala
  • mpakopoulou patients before and after amygdalotomy showed 33 to 100% decreased aggression
56
Q

serotonin to explain aggression evaluation

A
  • Higley studied rhesus monkeys foe 4 years and found that the ones with lower serotonin levels were the most aggressive
  • animal study can’t generalise and no informed consent
  • moller studied health males which showed increased aggression after 5/6 hours after an amino acids shake tryptophan-free
57
Q

slt for gender, research in parents influence

A

block boys positive reinforced male behaviours and girls female behaviour
- smith found no correlation between stereotyped parents and 1-2yo stereotyped behaviour

58
Q

slt to gender influence of peers

A

archer and Lloyd 3yo playing opposite gender games were ridiculised

59
Q

stl to explain gender media influence

A

williams, natural experiment for 2 years
introduction of tv into a town, gradually increased stereotypes
- can be used to downplay stereotypes

60
Q

stl to explain gender cultural differences

A
  • whiting observed children in Mexico usa Japan India Philippines kenia and found a behaviour similar to western cultures
    girls = more caring
    boys = more aggressive
  • mead studied 3 tribes in New Guinea, each had a different role for man and woman
  • Katz studied 80 culture and found that in 90% the main responsibility of woman is childcare
    legal suggests that childcare determinate gender activities
61
Q

sensory register evaluation

A

positive
coding and duration
- crowder retains info, if iconic for milliseconds if echoic for 2\3 sec
capacity
-sperling grid of letters for 1\20 sec, one row well recalled quickly after

62
Q

stm evaluation

A

coding and duration
-peterson and Peterson rehearsal prevented less than 18 sec=90% recall
capacity
-miller found chunking

63
Q

Ltm evaluation

A

coding and duration
-bahrick year book 15 years= 90% 48 years= 70-80%
capacity
-anoknin potential number of connection in human brain no human uses all fo it

64
Q

stm ltm reseach

A

baddeley four lists

65
Q

episodic ltm evaluation

A

-tulving frontal lobes= episodic

posterior cortex= semantic

66
Q

semantic ltm reseach

A

-CL case study 8yo girl not episodic yes semantic

brain damage

67
Q

procedural ltm evaluation

A

Pm case study professional cellist brain damage no semantic yes procedural

68
Q

central executive evaluation

A
  • baddeley generate random numbers and switching between letters and number on keyboard - don’t do well
  • d’esposito fmri when using verbal AND spatial prefrontal cortex is activated
69
Q

visuo spatial sketchpad evaluaiton

A

-logie found visual cache and inner scribe

70
Q

phonological loop evaluation

A
  • KF case study can recall info given visually but not verbally
  • baddeley interference task verbally acoustically or acoustically acoustically
71
Q

multi sore model evaluation

A 
positive
-primacy and recency effect
-korsakoff syndrome, damage ltm
negative
-oversimplified 
-rehearsal needed
72
Q

forgetting interference theory evaluation positive

A
  • Schmidt name of street in a map, positive correlation with the number of streets forgotten and the number of times participant moved. (retroactive interference)
  • baddeley snd hitch rugby player compared interference with trace decay theory, number of games played.
73
Q

forgetting interference theory evaluation negative

A

only similar info

why not how, biological or cognitive process

74
Q

forgetting cue dependent theory

A 
context dependent 
- abernethy teacher room 
- godden and baddeley underwater
cue dependent 
- overton drunk or sober
75
Q

forgetting repression evaluation

A
  • williams 1\2 don’t recall child abuse
76
Q

eyewitness testimony influence of schemas

A
  • barlett war of ghosts was changed to adapt to western schemas
77
Q

eyewitness testimony misleading information

A
  • loftus and palmer contacted bumped hit smashed velocity increased with intensity of the question
  • did u see any broken glass
  • loftus and pickrell lost in the mall , 29% recalled a false memory
78
Q

eyewitness testimony anxiety evaluation

A
  • Loftus pen and knife, weapon effect
79
Q

cognitive interview evaluation

A
  • geiselman four it more precise and better after a short time
  • enhanced ci for children or learning difficulties
  • needs a trained interviewer
  • is time consuming
80
Q

co morbidity in schizophrenia research

A

sim 32% hospitalised with schizophrenia had an additional disorder

81
Q

who proposed the learning theory for attachment

A

dollar and miller

aqa psychology (8 decks)

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