Schizophrenia

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

The process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in people with mental disorders using the ICD-10 OR DSM-5 (statistical manuals)

Question 2

DIagnosis

Answer 2

The process of identifying and determining the nature of a disease or disorder by its signs and symptoms, through the use of assessment techniques

Question 3

Schizophrenia

Answer 3

A psychotic disorder marked by severely impaired thinking, emotions and behaviours, in which contact is lost with external reality

Question 4

Positive symptoms

Answer 4

The changes or add-ons to normal behaviour

Question 5

Negative symptoms

Answer 5

The symptoms that appear to reflect a reduction or loss of normal functions which often persist during periods of low positive symptoms

Question 6

Hallucinations

Answer 6

hearing, seeing or feeling things that no one does

Question 7

Delusions

Answer 7

Beliefs that seem strange to mose people and are often easy to prove wrong

Question 8

Speech poverty

Answer 8

Lessening of speech fluency and productivity which reflects slowing or blocked thoughts

Question 9

Avolition

Answer 9

Reduction of interests and desires as well as an inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behaviour

Question 10

Diagnosis “in remission”

Answer 10

A decrease or disappearance of symptoms

Question 11

Symptom overlap

Answer 11

Many symptoms found in one disorder are also found in another

Question 12

Co-morbidity

Answer 12

refers to the extent that 2 or more conditions can occur at the same time

Question 13

Polygenic

Answer 13

Caused by multiple genes

Question 14

Hyperdopaminergia

Answer 14

Processing involving high levels of dopamine

Question 15

The dopamine hypothesis

Answer 15

Suggests that an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine receptors in certain regions of the brain is associated with the symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 16

Dopamine antagonist

Answer 16

Stimulates the nerve cells containing dopamine causing the synapse to be flooded with it

Question 17

The revised dopamine hypothesis

Answer 17

The negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia arise from a deficit of dopamine in areas of the prefrontal corext

Question 18

Neural correlates

Answer 18

The difference in biostructure between schizophrenic sufferers and others

Question 19

Antipsychotics

Answer 19

Drugs that are most effective in treating the most disturbing forms of psychotic illness

Question 20

Typical Antipsychotics

Answer 20

Primarily combats the positive symptoms

Question 21

Atypical Antipsychotics

Answer 21

Combats the positive and potentially the negative symptoms as well

Question 22

Extrapyramidal side-effects

Answer 22

Long term side effect of taking Antipsychotics

Question 23

Rapid dissociation

Answer 23

Temporal binding to the D2 receptors

Question 24

Family dysfunction

Answer 24

Claims that schizophrenia is caused by abnormal patterns of communication within the family which may bias an individual toward developing negative schemas

Question 25

Double-bind

Answer 25

The idea that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents, especially on a verbal and non-verbal level are more likely to develop schizophrenia

Question 26

High expresses emotion

Answer 26

when the members of a family talk about a patient in a critical or hostile manner or n a way that indicates over-involvement or over-concern

Question 27

Meta representation

Answer 27

The Cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour and have insights to our own intentions and goals

Question 28

Cental control

Answer 28

The ability to suppress atomic responses while we perform deliberate actions

Question 29

Proximal cause

Answer 29

The immediate cause of a disorder

Question 30

Distal cause

Answer 30

The underlying cause of a disorder

Question 31

CBTp

Answer 31

A cognitive behavioural therapy which aims to provide treatment for residual symptoms that persist despite the use of antipsychotics

Question 32

Engagement

Answer 32

The therapist empathise with the patients’ perspective and their feelings of distress, which may act as motivation to continue

Question 33

Assessment

Answer 33

The patient expresses their thoughts about their experiences to the therapist

Question 34

Normalisation

Answer 34

Teaching patients that many people have unusual experiences which can reduce anxiety and the sense of isolation

Question 35

Critical collaborative analysis

Answer 35

The therapists use of gentle questioning to help the patient understand illogical deductions and conclusions

Question 36

Developing alternative explanations

Answer 36

Helping the patient to d develop these for the previously unhealthy assumptions

Question 37

Psychoeducation

Answer 37

Helping a person and their carers to understand and be better able to deal with the illness

Question 38

Token economies

Answer 38

A form of behavioural therapy based on operant and classical conditioning where clinicians set target behaviours that they believe will improve the patients’ engagement in daily activities

Question 39

Operant conditioning

Answer 39

Learning by reinforcement; that is rewarding good behaviour and removing stimuli to reduce bad behaviour

Question 40

Classical conditioning

Answer 40

learning by association

Question 41

Tokens

Answer 41

Items awarded that can be exchanged for a variety of different privileges and rewards

Question 42

Primary reinforcer

Answer 42

The reinforcing stimulus which may take the form of food, priveleges and other incentives which can be gained through tokens after target behaviour is met

Question 43

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 43

The neutral token which has been associated with the primary reinforcer

Question 44

Interactionist approach

Answer 44

An approach that acknowledges that there are biological, societal and factors that lead to schizophrenia

Question 45

Diathesis-Stress model

Answer 45

An explanation for schizophrenia that states that schizophrenia stems from genetic vulnerability and stress factors