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A-Level Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Attachment

A

A two-way emotional bond that forms or deve;ops over time, usually between a caregiver and an infant

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2
Q

Reciprocity

A

When an infant and caregiver respond to each others’ actions which elicits a response and vice versa

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3
Q

Interactional Synchrony

A

When an infant and caregiver mirror each others’ actions, facial expressions and emotions simultaneously

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4
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test measures what it claims or that the researchers are measuring an observable phenomenon

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5
Q

Reliability

A

The idea that if an investigation is repeated, the results will be the same (or similar) because the conditions were controlled; the replicablity of an investigation

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6
Q

Ethnocentric

A

Evaluating the world from a central (usually close-minded) view and assuming it is normal and correct

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7
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Carried out over a long period of time, followed up and observed regularly

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8
Q

Snapshot Study

A

Carried out over a short period of time

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9
Q

Control

A

The act of keeping conditions the same to ensure the results are fair, reliable and valid; conditions do not affect the investiagtion

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10
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

An observational study that collects and analyses data from a population or a representative subset at a single point in time

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11
Q

Seperation Anxiety

A

The distress infants feel or show when seperated from their attachment figure

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12
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

Distress when unfamiliar person approaches, manifested by crying

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13
Q

Imprinting

A

An innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother (or first moving thing) during a specific time in development (the critical period) in precocial animals (e.g birds) immediately after hatching

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14
Q

Critical Period

A

A biologically determined time period during which attachment or imprinting take place; varies with species

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15
Q

Sexual Imprinting

A

Where mate preferences are affected by learning at a very goung age usually using parent as model

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16
Q

Generalisability

A

The application of the results from a study to a wider target population

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17
Q

Contact Comfort

A

The physical and emotional comfort an infant received from being in physical comfort with caregivers

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18
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

When infants associate two actions e.g the mother with the comfort of being fed until they find the mother comforting

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19
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

When infants discover that certain behaviours elicis or evokes desirable responses from others, hence they repeat these behaviour to get what they want; learning by reinforcement

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20
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

The process of rewarding/reinforcing desirable behaviour to increase the likelihood that it will be repeated in the future

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21
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

The removal of something unpleasant or comfortable to increase the likelihood of desired behaviour

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22
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

Satisfies innate desires e.g food satisfies hunger

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23
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

Associated with the primary reinforcer, usually attachment figure

24
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Innate desire that is usually an event that affects the senses

25
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

The result or product when an infant is given an unconditioned stimulus

26
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

Produces no response initially

27
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

The neutral stimulus after being consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus and now evoked a conditioned response

28
Q

Social releasers

A

Behaviours that infants are biologically programmed to do to evoke a nurturing response e.g crying or giggling

29
Q

Monotropy

A

Indicated a particular attachment that is different from all others and of central importance to the child’s development

30
Q

Internal Working Model

A

A mental representation we all carry with us of our attachment to our primary caregiver which affects our future relationships as they carry our perception of what a relationship should look like

31
Q

The Law of Continuity

A

States that the more constant and predictable a child’s care, the better quality of attachment

32
Q

The Law of Accumulated Seperation

A

States that having substantial time apart from a PCG risks a poor quality attachment that will disadvantage the child in a range of ways

33
Q

The Continuity Hypothesis

A

Suggests a link between early attachments and later relationships with poorly attached children then having more difficulty in adulthood and childhood while securely attached children from more stable relationships

34
Q

Strange Situation

A

A procedure for assessing the quality of attachment between an infant and PCG

35
Q

Proximity Seeking

A

Staying fairly close to the PCG for comfort

36
Q

Secure Base Behaviour

A

Having the confidence to explore due to the presence OF PCG making them feel safe

37
Q

Reunion Behaviours

A

Great joys and comfort seeking on return of PCG

38
Q

Inter-rater Reliablity

A

The extent to which a repeated studies’ results are consistent over time

39
Q

Test-retest Reliability

A

The extent to which the results of a repeated study remains consistent over time

40
Q

Secure Attachment (Type B)

A

Classified by children who show moderate seperation and stranger anxiety and are easily comforted on PCG’s return

41
Q

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment (Type A)

A

Classified by children who show low seperation and stranger anxiety and indifference on PCG’s return

42
Q

Insecure-Resistant Attachment (Type C)

A

Classified by children who show high seperation and stranger anxiety and are not easily comforted on PCG’s return

43
Q

Insecure-Disorganised Attachment (Type D)

A

Classified by children who show a mix of Type A and B attachment

44
Q

Culture Bound

A

Valid within a particular culture

45
Q

Meta analysis

A

A statistical analysis which combined secondary data of multiple scientific studies to reach one conclusion

46
Q

Maternal Deprivation

A

Extended deprivation of an infant from their PCG in the absence of substitute care which leads to deprivation of emotional care and irreversible damage

47
Q

Maternal Seperation

A

Brief absence of PCG from infant in the presence of substitute care

48
Q

Affectionless Psychopathy

A

Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions towards others

49
Q

Privation

A

No attachment has ever had the opportunity to form

50
Q

Confounding Variable

A

A type of extraneous variable that systematically affects one condition of the IV

51
Q

Institution

A

A place where people live for a long time, often run by an official body such as the government

52
Q

Institutionalisation

A

(The effect of) living together in an institution for a long time

53
Q

Disinhibited Attachment

A

Classified by children who show no preference to parents over others, including strangers and seek comfort and attention from virtually anyone

54
Q

Intellectual Disability/Mental Retardation

A

When the cognitive ability is below average; very delayed intellectual development

55
Q

Social Suppressors

A

Behaviour that prevents undesirable behaviour

A-Level Psychology (6 decks)

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