Schizophrenia Flashcards
What is schizophrenia ?
It’s a type of psychosis a severe mental disorder which affects 1% of the population
What are the two diagnostic manuals and how long does it take to diagnose ?
DSM 5- 6 months - two or more from a list of 5 symptoms
ICD 11- one month - 2 negative symptoms and one positive
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia ?
Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganised speech
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Affective flattening - emotional expression is reduced
Alogia - lack of speech fluidity
Avolition - reduction of interests
Catatonic behaviour - unusual positions
What is the definition of reliability ?
Consistency of results by clinicians
What is the definitions of external reliability ?
Test- retest reliability - shows if the data is the same
What is the definition of internal reliability ?
How consistent something measures the same thing and gets the same results
What is the definition of validity ?
To what extent does a test measure what it claims to measure
What is the definition of internal validity ?
Establish a trustworthy cause and effect
What is the definition of external validity ?
Can findings be generalised to other settings
What is the definition of population validity ?
To the extent results can be generalised to the population
What is meant by diagnostic relatability ?
Diagnosis must be repeatable eg clinical a reach same conclusions- test retest reliability or inter rated reliability
How is inter rated reliability compared ?
Use a Kappa score - if it’s 0.7 or above it’s a good score.
However DSM 5 is rated 0.46
How did Beck see inter rater reliability ?
Inter rated reliability between 2 psychiatrist which considering causes of 154 patients consistency was only 54%
How does copeland’s study show cultural differences in reliability ?
Gave 134 US and 194 British psychiatrists a description of a patient 69% US diagnosed but only 2% for British.
How does Luhrman prove cultural differences in reliability ?
60 diagnosed SZ ( 20 from each of Ghana, India and US ) asked about voices. Ghana and India reported positive experiences with voices whereas America said violent voices
How does broverman suggest that there is gender bias within diagnosing Schizophrenia?
Male behaviour is deemed as healthy and they use this for all genders so women are more seen as abnormal
How does longenecker support gender bias in diagnosing schizophrenia?
Reviewed schizophrenia studies - more men diagnosed may be due to genetic vulnerability or women being seen as better functioning than men
What is meant by symptom overlap ?
Many symptoms of schizophrenia can be seen in other disorders such as depression and bipolar eg avolition is also in depression
What is meant by co- morbility ?
Having more than one disorder at a given time eg schizophrenia and depression
Buckley - co morbility is 50% in depressed patients
Schizophrenia and OCD are most commonly together
Why is prognosis an evaluation of validity ?
Prognosis of schizophrenia has many outcomes eg fully recovered or relapse.
If there are many outcomes is it schizophrenia that they actually have ?
