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Forensic Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is offender profiling ?

A

Describes a criminal based on certain factors

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2
Q

What are the 4 main stages of the top down approach ?

A

Data assimilation - gathering all data from the crime scene
Crime scene classification- organised or disorganised
Crime reconstruction- hypothesis of crime
Profile generation - rough sketch of criminal

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3
Q

One strength of the top down approach

A

Douglas - 77% of the time it helped focus investigation

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4
Q

What are the limitations of the top down approach ?

A

Alison - outdated suggest personality is stable over time

Reductionist - classification is too simple

Less scientific

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5
Q

What did canter suggest about the bottom up approach ?

A

Make no initial assumption about the offender
They use interpersonal coherence ( how offender is at scene)
This means there’s variations in their personal life if that how they are at the scene.

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6
Q

What was John Duffy’s case?

A

Carried up 24 sexual attacks and 3 murders of women near railways.

Canter analysed the geographical details and evidence drew up surprisingly accurate profile

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7
Q

What is investigative psychology ?

A

Statistical procedures to theory to analyse he crime scene evidence

Interpersonal coherence
Significance of time and place
Forensic awareness
Smallest space analysis

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8
Q

Evaluation of investigative psychology

A

Canter - analysed 66 sexual assault cases using smallest space analysis, clear common patterns

Scientific as uses computer data base

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9
Q

What are the two models of offender behaviour ?

A

Marauders
Commuters

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10
Q

What did lundrigan and canter find about offender profiling ?

A

The offenders home was central in the pattern
The disposal sites tended to be if different directions
Effect was more evident for offenders who travelled a shorter distance

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11
Q

Evaluation of geographical profiling

A

Supporting research - lundrigan and canter
Objective and reliable
Scientific
Infamous failures - Colin stagg

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12
Q

What did Lombrosso suggest for biological explanation of crime?

A

Criminality was inherited
Studied 383 dead Italian criminals and 3839 living found 40% had atavistic characteristics
Large jaw
Large chins
Upturned nose
Low sloping forehead

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13
Q

Evaluations of lomrossos biological explanations of crime

A

Used scientific methods
Delisi - scientifically racist - predominantly African characteristics
Temporal validity- not valid today

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14
Q

Twin studies for genetic explantions of crime

A

Christiansen - looked at 3586 twins in Denmark found 35% concordance in MZ and 12% in DZ
Lange - 13 pairs of MZ and 17 pairs of DZ found MZ concordance was 77% compared to 12% DZ

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15
Q

What did mednick find in adoption studies ?

A

Used data from a danish adoption bank
Found 20% whose biological parents had convictions had convictions themselves
13.5% whose biological parents weren’t criminals had convictions

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16
Q

What is chromosome abnormality ?

A

Where men who have an extra Y chromosome are more likely to be criminal.
Jacobs found only 1.5% of the prison population had an extra Y chromosome compared to 0.5% of the population

17
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Fire when an act is observed the same when you do the same act

18
Q

What did raine find about individuals with APD ?

A

Had a 11% reduction in the volume of grey matter in their prefrontal cortex and reduced autonomic response

19
Q

How does mirror neurones support SLT?

A

Role models
Imitation
Learn through observation

20
Q

What are the three types of personality that Eysenck suggested causes crime?

A

Extrovertism- risk taking behaviour due to under active nervous system

Neuroticism - unstable mood and behaviour

Pyschoticism - heartless and unable to feel remorse

21
Q

How did Eysneck prove the three types of personality ?

A

Eysneck and his wife did a study on 2070 male prisoners and found they scored higher scores on all three personality types compared to the 2422 control group

22
Q

Evaluation of Eysneck’s personality

A

Cultural bias - Hispanic is less extraverted
Digman suggested there’s other types such as openness and agreeableness
Reductionist

23
Q

What are the three levels of moral reasoning according to kohlberg ?

A

Pre conventional - punishment orientation

Conventional - maintaining social order

Post conventional - morality of contract and individual rights

24
Q

Explain kohlbergs research on moral reasoning

A

Presented w/c boy with moral dilemmas and questioned them. Found they were more likely to be pre conventional

25
Q

What did chandler find about moral reasoning ?

A

Found that indicate who had high levels of moral reasoning which allows them to sympathise more

26
Q

What is one limitation of moral reasoning according?

A

Cognitive theories can’t explain all behaviour. Middle class have pre conventional reasoning and some have non

27
Q

What are cognitive distortions ?

A

Faulty processing in our logic which leads to criminality

28
Q

What is minimisation?

A

Offenders undermine the significance of their crime to have less emotional regrets

29
Q

What is hostile attribution theory ?

A

Offenders view emotional ambiguous situations as aggressive

30
Q

What did schonenberg and justye suggest about hostile attribution?

A

Present 55 violent offenders with emotionally ambiguous faces when compared to a control group they were more likely to see aggressive faces

31
Q

What did pollock and hashmall suggest about minimalisation ?

A

35% of a sample of child molesters said the crime was not sexual and 36% said they had consent

32
Q

What is meant by differential association?

A

Criminals learn behaviour

33
Q

What did farrington suggest about differential association ?

A

Had 411 males in a longitudinal study of working class backgrounds to show development of criminals.
41% had at least one conviction
And family criminality and parental type causes crime as they imitate behaviour

34
Q

What is one limitation of differential association?

A

One limitation of differential association is it ignores free will to not accept pro criminal attitudes

35
Q

What are the three types of inadequate superegos according to Blackburn ?

A

Deviant - child internalised abnormal morals from parents

Weak- lack of same sex parent during phallic stage

Over harsh - craves punishment due to extreme parenting

36
Q

What is the idea of the inadequate superegos according based upon ?

A

Bowlby’s maternal deprivation - absent mother in critical period is irreversible and causes affectionate less psychopathy

37
Q

What is one limitation of psychodynamic theory of crime ?

A

One limitation of psychodynamic theory of crime is that many children grow up without the same sex parent and they don’t become criminals

Psychology (6 decks)

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