schizophrenia Flashcards
what is classification
classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms frequently cluster together
what is icd-10
icd-10(international classification of disease ) is a classification system which is used worlwide. it states that only negative symptoms needs to be present to diagnose someone with schizophrenia
what is Dsm-5
classification system which states that only positive symptoms need to be present to diagnose someone with schizophrenia. it is used in america
what are the two classification systems used in diagnosis of schizophrenia
Dsm-5 and icd-10
what are positive symptoms and give examples
positive symptoms are symptoms in addition to normal experiences for example
hallucinations and delusions
what are negative symptoms and give some examples
a typical experiences that represents the loss of usual experience for example the loss of clear thinking
examples are speech poverty and avolition
strengtth of diagnosis and classufication of schizophrenia
good reliability
one strength of schizophrenia is that it has good reliability. reliability means consistency , a psychatric diagnosis is said to be reliable when a different diagnosis clinician reaches the same diagnosis for the same individual (inter-rater-relaibility)) and when the same clinician reaches the same diagnosis for the same individual on two occasions(test-retest reliability). osorio et al reported excellent reliability for the diagnosis of 180 individuals using dsm -5 , pairs of inter viewers achieved an inter rater reliability of +.97 and test retest relibility of +.92. this shows that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is consistently applied
limittaion of classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia
co-morbidity
cone limitation is comorbidity with other conditions.
if conditions occur together a lot of the time then this calls into the question the validity of their diagnosis and classification because it might just be a single condition. schizophrenia is usually diagnosed with other conditions for example one review found that about half of those diagnosed with schiophrenia also had a diagnosis of schizophrenia or substance abuse.(buckley et al) . this is a problem for classification because it means that schizophrenia may not exist as a distinct condition. this is aproblem for diagnosis because at least some people diagnosed with schizophrenia may have unusual casses of conditions like depression
limitation of diagnosis and classufication of schizophrenia
gender bias in diagnosis
one limitation is the existence of gender bias.
aince 1980s more men have been diagnosed with schizophrnia compared to women ( a ratio of 1.4;1)(fischer and bucharan)one possible explanation for this is that wpmen are less vulnerable than men, perhaps because of genetic factors . however it seem more likely that women are underdiagnosed becuase they have closer relationships hence they get support.(cotton et al) this leads to women with schizophrenia functioning better than men . this underdiagnosis of schizophrenia means that women may not be recieving treatment that will benefit them
limitation h of diagnosis and classufication of schizophrenia
culture bias in diagnosis
a further limitation is the ex
istence of culture bias
some symptoms of schizophrenia particulary hearing voices have different meanings in different cultures.for example in haiti some people believe that hearing voices are communictaions from their ancestors, bristish- africans / carribeans are up to 9 times more likely to be diagnosed with schizo compared to white british people(pinto and jones) although ppl living in afro-carribean coubtries are not rulling out genetic vulneraility.the most likely exlanation for this is cultural bias in the diagnosis of clients by psychiatrists froma didfferent cultural background. this appears to lead to an overinterpretation if symptoms in back bristish ppl (escobar) this mean sthat black british ppl maybe descriminated agianst by a culturally biased diagnostic system
