memory Flashcards
what is coding
in format in which memory is stored in various memory stores
what is capacity
the amount of information that can be stored in a memory store
what is duration
duration is how long information can be stored in a memory store
what is acoustic code
storing information as sound
what is visual code
storing information as images
what is semantic coding
storing information by its meaning
what is sensory information
sensory information is information about things we hear smell, taste
Describe baddaleys experiment on coding
Group 1-acoustically similar
Group 2-accousstically dissimilar
Group 3-semantically similar
Group 4-semantically dissimilar
They were given a list original words in wrong order has to recall in the correct order (LTM 20 minute interval )
Results of baddaleys experiment on coding for stm
Confusion between acoustically Similar words
Results of baddley experiment for coding on ltm
Confusion between semantically similar words
Conclusions of baddaleys experiment coding
Stm-acoustic confusion , coded acoustically
LTM -semantic confusion , coded semantically
Positive evaluation for baddleys experiment on coding
Cause and effect shown
Replicable
Makes cognitive sense - shopping list = words aloud recall of book -recal of plot
Negative evualtion of baddleys research coding
Artificial stimuli-cautious aboit generalising
Lacks ecological validity
Small difference in recall between semantic list s= semantic coding is stm
describe george millers research on capacity
george miller made observations of everyday practice for example he noted that things came in sevens ie seven days of the week, the seven deadly sins , miller thought that the span of stm was 7 +/- 2 items but he also noted that people can recall 5 words as easily as they can recall 5 letters we do this by chunking
what is chunking
chunking is groupings sets of digits or letters into units or chunks
describe research on the duration of stm
in peterson and petersons research participants were givena nonsense trigam to remember, they were also given a 3 digit number , the partcipants had to recall the trigams after a retention interval of 3,6,9,2,15,18 seconds . during the retention interval theptp had to count backwards from their 3 digit number. 80% of the ptp recalled correctly fter 3 seconds and after 13 sseconds fewer than 10 people recalled corectly
results of peterson and peterson research on duration of stm
recall got progresively worser as the delay grew longer .peterson snd peterson were able to determine the stm lasts about 18-30 seconds
negative evaluation of peterson and peterson research
recalling trigams doest no effect most everyday life activities where what we are trying to remember is meaningful this means that the study lacked external validiity as it may not generalise findings in real lfe
describe the research on ltm duration
bahrick et a investigated how the duration of ltm differed according to age .the study consisted of a photo recogition task and a free recall task with no photograph ques.400 American PPs aged 17-74 Y/O.
Recall was tested:
Photo Recognition - School year book pictures
Free Recall - Names of people graduating in their class.
what were the findings of the research conducted on ltm duration
the ptps were 90% accurate in the photo recognition task if they graduated withn 48 years . in the free recall task 60% were accurat if they had graduated withn 15 years and 30% were acccurate if they had graduated withn 48 years
conclusion from bahrick et al study
LTM can last a very long time, potentially a lifetime.
positive evaluation of bahrick et al study
High EV - Real life memories
Negative Evaluation(s) of Bahrick’s Study
Confounding Variables are not controlled for - People could have looked at the year book. (rehearsal)
Who Devised the Multi-Store Model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What is the Multi-Store Model?
An explanation of how the memory works in terms of 3 stores:
Sensory Register
STM
LTM
Through flowing Storage systems
What is the Sensory Register?
A short duration store that holds information we have gained through the 5 senses.
How is the Sensory Register Mainly Coded?
Via all 5 senses.
Mainly iconic (visual) and echoic (acoustic)
What is the Duration of the Sensory Register?
very brief
What is the Capacity of the Sensory Register
very high
