Schizophrenia Flashcards
what is the hyperdopaminergia hypothesis?
states that high levels of dopamine in the brain subcortex e.g in the brocas area which is responsible for speech production there is a high amount of dopamine receptors leading to symptoms such as auditory hallucinations+speech pov
what is co morbidity?
occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time
what are the 3 positive symptoms of schz?
- hallucinations
-delusions
-speech disorganisation
what are the 2 negative symptoms of schz?
-speech poverty
- avolition
why does classification+diagnosis lack reliability. hint: psychiatrists
lacks inter rater reliability. RS- two psychiatrists independently diagnosed 100 patients using DSM+ICD. reliability was poor as 1 psychiatrist diagnosed 26 with DSM and 44 w/ ICD. whereas other DSM=13,ICD=24
Why is the classification + diagnosis gender bias?
longnecker reviewed studies + found in 1980s men had higher diagnosis then women. this is down to women functioning better e.g work with the condition. therefore, interpersonal functioning bias practitioners to underdiagnose women.
family dysfunction(psychological) explanation for schz: schizophrenogenic mother
accounts from schz patients on childhood=particular type of parent during childhood- cold rejecting,controlling mother, creating a climate of tension,secrecy. leading to distrust that later develops to delusions+schz
family dysfuntion explanation: double bind theory
bateson: emphasised the role of communication in the family. developing child finds themselves regularly in situation where they fear doing the wrong thing but get mixed msgs about what this is, but feel unable to comment on the unfairness. if so, punished by withdrawal of love. leaves there understanding of the world confusing=reflected in paranoid delusions/disorganised thinking-risk factor
family dysfunction explanation: expressed emotion
level of negative emotion showed towards the patient from carer. contains: verbal criticisms,hostility, emotionl over-involvement in the life of patient.= serious source of stress for the patient=primary cause of a relapse. diathesis stress model-this can cause schz in those genetically vulnerable
where is reduced proccessing associated with positive and negative symptoms
negative symptoms is the ventrial striatum
positive symptoms is the temporal+cingulate gyri. cognitions=impaired
what were the 2 types of dysfunctional though processing that frith identified?
- metapresentation
- central control
what is metrarepresentation?how does it link to schz
cognituve ability to reflect on thoughts+behav.
schz=inability to recognise our thoughts+behav=due to ourselves- explains hallucinations+delusions(thought insertion)
what is central control+how does it link to schz
capability to suppress automatic responses while we perform deliberate actions instead. e.g speech disorganisation-derailment due to thoughts triggering words ass that the patient cant suppress
support for family dysfuntion what was the study?
studied 46 schz patients+found 69% women +59% men suffered abuse physical/sexual
what is symptom overlap?
when 2 different disorders have a symptom in common
what is the hypodopaminergia hypothesis
-goldman: role of low lvls in prefrontal cortex(decsion-making+thinking)
-neg sympoms e.g avolition/speech pov
what are neural correlates?
measurements of the structure/function of the brain that link to certain experience
what are the neural correlates 4 neg symptoms?
avolition
-motivation involves anticipiation of a reward
- ventral striatum=impo in this process
- juckel: low lvls of activity in ventral striatum in schz comp to cntrls
-neg correlation btwn severity of symptom+activity of ventral striatum
what are the neural correlates for pos symptoms?
- scanned schz patients w/aud halluincations+comp to cntrol whilst theyv identified speech as theirs/others
- lower lvls of activation in superior temporal gyrus+anterior cingulate gyrus+made erros
what is polygenic?
no. genes=small increase risk of schz e.g PCM1
what is aetiologically heterogeneous?
different combos of factors can lead to the condition
what was ripkes study of genetic factors in2 schz+findings
studied genetic makeup of 37,000 patients, found 108 sep genetic variations incr. risk
dopamine hypothesis eval:mixed evidence
-evidence 2 suggest that dopamine=not complete neurotransmitter explanation-
-genes identified in ripkes studied found dopamine=important but other neurotrasnmitters=important 2 e.g glutamate. Evidence=not conclusive 4 d
overall eval for biological explanations: blame
doesn’t balme individual for their behave. Unlike behaviourist,TF reduces the stigma ass/ w the disorder
