Approaches

Question 1

What was wundts objective in his research?

Answer 1

study the structure of the human mind

Question 2

What was wunds method of introspection?

Answer 2

Experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up the conscious awareness into its basic structures like thoughts, images, sensations. people were trained to report in detail on thier inner experiences when presented with a stimulus such as a problem to solve

Question 3

Why was wundts research considered as highly scientific?

Answer 3

• all procedures were strictly controlled
• standardised procedures for all ppt, e.g same stimulus/task- meaning it can be replicated

Question 4

what is one strength of Wundts approach? hint: paved way

Answer 4

paved the way for the acceptance of psychology as a science in its own right, and experimental psychology as the preferred method of studying human behaviour

Question 5

what is one limitation of wundts approach? hint: watson

Answer 5

wundts methods=unreliable, structuralism approach=critised by behaviourists for primarily relying on ‘unobservable’ behaviour e.g reports of memory/perception. introspective ‘experimental results’ are not reliably reproduced by toher researchers

Question 6

what was wundts approach?

Answer 6

structuralism

Question 7

what did wundt believe?

Answer 7

all aspects of nature, including the human mind can be studied scientifically

Question 8

who were the main people who proposed the philosophical roots of psychology?

Answer 8

-descartes
- locke
-darwin

Question 9

what did descartes propose?

Answer 9

the mind and the body were independent of each other, therefore the mind could be studied in its own right

Question 10

what did locke propose?

Answer 10

he proposed empiricism and that human beings are born as blank slates which was the basis of the behaviourist approach

Question 11

what is empiricism?

Answer 11

all knowledge can be obtained through the experience+ observation

Question 12

what did charles darwin propose?

Answer 12

all humans and animals behvaiour has changed over time over successive generations so the individual was stronger and more adaptive meaning their genes would survive and reproduce. weaker genes would be weeded out=survival of the fittest, rooted in the bio approach

Question 13

in order list the approaches from when they were proposed

Answer 13

1. wundt
   2.freud-psychodynamic
2. watson-behaviourist
3. carl rogers-humanistic
4. cognitive approach
5. bandura-SLT
6. biological approach
7. cognitive neuroscience

Question 14

emergence of psychology as a science: what ideology holds psychology together as its own discipline?

Answer 14

empiricism-from philosophy

Question 15

when did psychology start to emerge?

Answer 15

when empirical methods were used by wundt

Question 16

what were the two assumptions made by the scientific approach?

Answer 16

1. all behaviour is determined
2. if determined, it is possible to predict how humans would behave

Question 17

what technique was used to explain the scientific approach?

Answer 17

scientific method

Question 18

what is the main key ideas of the scientific method?4

Answer 18

• use of objective+replicable investigative methods
• no bias
• variables must be controlled
• if unreplicable it is not universally true

Question 19

explain this limitation of the scientific method: concentrating on objectivity

Answer 19

concentrating on control in observation tells us little about how people behave in a natural environment

Question 20

explain this strength of the scientific method: reliance on objective observation

Answer 20

the knowledge acquired is not just passive acceptance of facts

Question 21

explain this limitation of the scientific method: most of subject matter in psych is unobservable

Answer 21

if unobservable it cannot be measured with a degree of accuracy. out of all sciences psychology is the most inferential as there is a bigger gap between research findings and the theories proposed from data found in research

Question 22

explain this strength of the scientific method: scientific methods rely on determinism

Answer 22

relying on determinism means it can establish causes of behaviour through methods which are replicable+empirical

Question 23

explain this limitation of wundts approach: introspection=not accurate

Answer 23

Nisbett found: ppts were unaware of factors influencing their choice on consumer goods. the problem is implicit attitudes for example stereotypes, theyre unknown to us e.g a person may be implicitely racist influencing how they view a ethnic group. as these exist outside of consciousness, self-report through introspection could not uncover these attitudes. therefore behav cannot be explained

Question 24

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

Answer 24

• oral stage
• anal stage
  -Phallic stage
  -latent stage
• genital stage

Question 25

What are the ages that the psychosexual stages occur?

Answer 25

Oral stage- 0-1 years Anal stage- 1-3 years Phallic stage- 3-5 years

Question 26

what are the assumptions of the bahviourist approach(4)

Answer 26

- born as blank slates -explains behav through what=observable - our behaviour is as a result of conditioning in past experience -simple stimulus-response mechanism

Question 27

draw pavlovs conditioning stages

Question 28

what did skinner propose?

Answer 28

operant conditioning: learning=active process whereby humans+animals operate on their environ

Question 29

what are the 3 types of consequences of behav?

Answer 29

- pos reinforcement -neg reinforcement - punishment

Question 30

what is reinforcement?

Answer 30

consequence of behav. that increases the likelihood of the behav being repeated- pos or neg

Question 31

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 31

form of learning where ehaviour=shaped+ maintained by its consequences

Question 32

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 32

learning by ass. two stimuli=repeatedly paired together until the neutral stimulus produces the same response singularly without the UCS

Question 33

what occured in skinners box?

Answer 33

rats ran around, stepped on lever which produced a food pellet(reinforcer), rats then pressed the lever to obtain food. when no food came out the rats abondoned it (extinction)

Question 34

explain this strenghth of the behaviourist approach: contibution to psych

Answer 34

contributed to psych as a scientific disciplinet through use of objective methods+lab to observe behav= control of EV+emphasised the importance of objectivity+replicability in psych RS= greater credibility for psych

Question 35

explain this limitation of behaviourist approach: ethical issues

Answer 35

animals used subject to stressful conditions. BPS code of conduct. this couldve affected thier behav 2

Question 36

explain this strength of the behvaiourist approach: RL application

Answer 36

principles of conditioning=used e.g token economies in prisons + classical conditioning in treating phobias=cost-effective +less effort 4 patients then 'talking therapies'

Question 37

explain this limitation of the bhaviourist approach: mechanistic view of behav.

Answer 37

assumes we passive+machine-like responders or our environ. w/little conscious insight in2 our behav. others like SLT/cog approach emphasise importance of mental processes+ppl=active role in their learning-theory more suitable to animals?

Question 38

what does the id operate on?

Answer 38

pleasure principle

Question 39

what does the ego operate on?

Answer 39

reality principle

Question 40

what does the superego operate on?

Answer 40

morality principle

Question 41

what is the unconscious?

Answer 41

most of the mind we are unaware of, storehouse for biological dirves+instoncts that affect our personality+behav

Question 42

describe the 3 defence mechanisms

Answer 42

repression- forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind denial- refusing to acknowledge aspect of reality displacement- transferring feelings from a true source of ditressing emotion onto a substitute target

Question 43

what is the genital stage?

Answer 43

12 yrs+ sexual desires become apparant alongisde puberty. consequence=difficulty forming heterosexual r.ships

Question 44

what is the latent stage?

Answer 44

6-12 years- early conflicts are repressed+ early years are largely forgotten