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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What was wundts objective in his research?

A

study the structure of the human mind

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2
Q

What was wunds method of introspection?

A

Experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up the conscious awareness into its basic structures like thoughts, images, sensations. people were trained to report in detail on thier inner experiences when presented with a stimulus such as a problem to solve

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3
Q

Why was wundts research considered as highly scientific?

A
  • all procedures were strictly controlled
  • standardised procedures for all ppt, e.g same stimulus/task- meaning it can be replicated
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4
Q

what is one strength of Wundts approach? hint: paved way

A

paved the way for the acceptance of psychology as a science in its own right, and experimental psychology as the preferred method of studying human behaviour

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5
Q

what is one limitation of wundts approach? hint: watson

A

wundts methods=unreliable, structuralism approach=critised by behaviourists for primarily relying on ‘unobservable’ behaviour e.g reports of memory/perception. introspective ‘experimental results’ are not reliably reproduced by toher researchers

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6
Q

what was wundts approach?

A

structuralism

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7
Q

what did wundt believe?

A

all aspects of nature, including the human mind can be studied scientifically

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8
Q

who were the main people who proposed the philosophical roots of psychology?

A

-descartes
- locke
-darwin

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9
Q

what did descartes propose?

A

the mind and the body were independent of each other, therefore the mind could be studied in its own right

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10
Q

what did locke propose?

A

he proposed empiricism and that human beings are born as blank slates which was the basis of the behaviourist approach

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11
Q

what is empiricism?

A

all knowledge can be obtained through the experience+ observation

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12
Q

what did charles darwin propose?

A

all humans and animals behvaiour has changed over time over successive generations so the individual was stronger and more adaptive meaning their genes would survive and reproduce. weaker genes would be weeded out=survival of the fittest, rooted in the bio approach

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13
Q

in order list the approaches from when they were proposed

A
  1. wundt
    2.freud-psychodynamic
  2. watson-behaviourist
  3. carl rogers-humanistic
  4. cognitive approach
  5. bandura-SLT
  6. biological approach
  7. cognitive neuroscience
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14
Q

emergence of psychology as a science: what ideology holds psychology together as its own discipline?

A

empiricism-from philosophy

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15
Q

when did psychology start to emerge?

A

when empirical methods were used by wundt

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16
Q

what were the two assumptions made by the scientific approach?

A
  1. all behaviour is determined
  2. if determined, it is possible to predict how humans would behave
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17
Q

what technique was used to explain the scientific approach?

A

scientific method

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18
Q

what is the main key ideas of the scientific method?4

A
  • use of objective+replicable investigative methods
  • no bias
  • variables must be controlled
  • if unreplicable it is not universally true
19
Q

explain this limitation of the scientific method: concentrating on objectivity

A

concentrating on control in observation tells us little about how people behave in a natural environment

20
Q

explain this strength of the scientific method: reliance on objective observation

A

the knowledge acquired is not just passive acceptance of facts

21
Q

explain this limitation of the scientific method: most of subject matter in psych is unobservable

A

if unobservable it cannot be measured with a degree of accuracy. out of all sciences psychology is the most inferential as there is a bigger gap between research findings and the theories proposed from data found in research

22
Q

explain this strength of the scientific method: scientific methods rely on determinism

A

relying on determinism means it can establish causes of behaviour through methods which are replicable+empirical

23
Q

explain this limitation of wundts approach: introspection=not accurate

A

Nisbett found: ppts were unaware of factors influencing their choice on consumer goods. the problem is implicit attitudes for example stereotypes, theyre unknown to us e.g a person may be implicitely racist influencing how they view a ethnic group. as these exist outside of consciousness, self-report through introspection could not uncover these attitudes. therefore behav cannot be explained

24
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

A
  • oral stage
  • anal stage
    -Phallic stage
    -latent stage
  • genital stage
25
Q

What are the ages that the psychosexual stages occur?

A

Oral stage- 0-1 years
Anal stage- 1-3 years
Phallic stage- 3-5 years

26
Q

what are the assumptions of the bahviourist approach(4)

A
  • born as blank slates
    -explains behav through what=observable
  • our behaviour is as a result of conditioning in past experience
    -simple stimulus-response mechanism
27
Q

draw pavlovs conditioning stages

A
28
Q

what did skinner propose?

A

operant conditioning: learning=active process whereby humans+animals operate on their environ

29
Q

what are the 3 types of consequences of behav?

A
  • pos reinforcement
    -neg reinforcement
  • punishment
30
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

consequence of behav. that increases the likelihood of the behav being repeated- pos or neg

31
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

form of learning where ehaviour=shaped+ maintained by its consequences

32
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

learning by ass. two stimuli=repeatedly paired together until the neutral stimulus produces the same response singularly without the UCS

33
Q

what occured in skinners box?

A

rats ran around, stepped on lever which produced a food pellet(reinforcer), rats then pressed the lever to obtain food. when no food came out the rats abondoned it (extinction)

34
Q

explain this strenghth of the behaviourist approach: contibution to psych

A

contributed to psych as a scientific disciplinet through use of objective methods+lab to observe behav= control of EV+emphasised the importance of objectivity+replicability in psych RS= greater credibility for psych

35
Q

explain this limitation of behaviourist approach: ethical issues

A

animals used subject to stressful conditions. BPS code of conduct. this couldve affected thier behav 2

36
Q

explain this strength of the behvaiourist approach: RL application

A

principles of conditioning=used e.g token economies in prisons + classical conditioning in treating phobias=cost-effective +less effort 4 patients then ‘talking therapies’

37
Q

explain this limitation of the bhaviourist approach: mechanistic view of behav.

A

assumes we passive+machine-like responders or our environ. w/little conscious insight in2 our behav. others like SLT/cog approach emphasise importance of mental processes+ppl=active role in their learning-theory more suitable to animals?

38
Q

what does the id operate on?

A

pleasure principle

39
Q

what does the ego operate on?

A

reality principle

40
Q

what does the superego operate on?

A

morality principle

41
Q

what is the unconscious?

A

most of the mind we are unaware of, storehouse for biological dirves+instoncts that affect our personality+behav

42
Q

describe the 3 defence mechanisms

A

repression- forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
denial- refusing to acknowledge aspect of reality
displacement- transferring feelings from a true source of ditressing emotion onto a substitute target

43
Q

what is the genital stage?

A

12 yrs+ sexual desires become apparant alongisde puberty. consequence=difficulty forming heterosexual r.ships

44
Q

what is the latent stage?

A

6-12 years- early conflicts are repressed+ early years are largely forgotten

Psychology (12 decks)

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