Schizophrenia Flashcards
Cheniaux et al (2009)
Two psychiatrists independently reviewed 100 patients on both the ICD and DSM criteria . Diagnosis was Psych1: 44, 26, Psych2: 24,13. Shows poor inter-observer reliability and poor validity throughout classification systems.
Buckley et al (2009)
Comorbidity with schizophrenia: Depression 50%, Substance abuse, 47%, PTSD 29% and OCD 23%.
Longenecker et al (2010)
Meta-analysis showing that since the 1980s men are diagnosed with schizophrenia more than women. Supports gender bias in diagnosis.
Escobar (2012)
White psychiatrists tend to over-interpret symptoms and mistrust the honesty of Afro-Carribeans when diagnosing schizophrenia. Supports cultural bias in diagnosis.
Gottesman (1991)
Genetic study for schizophrenia. Identical twins have a 48% chance, 17% for fraternal, 13% for the children, 9% for siblings and 6% if the parent of someone diagnosed.
Tienari et al (2004)
Adoption study showing that those who experience family dysfunction (when they have a genetic predisposition) have a higher chance of developing schizophrenia (36%), but the same chance to when there is no predisposition (about 5%). Supports the diathesis-stress model and interactionist approach to explaining schizophrenia.
Ripke et al (2014)
Review of genome studies of schizophrenia. 108 genetic variations were identified in devleoping schizophrenia. Shows schizophrenia is polygenic and it is a matter of combinations. Much more complex than a single gene. The genes were involved with many neurotransmitters, not just dopamine - contrasts dopamine hypothesis.
Curran et al (2004)
Increased amounts of dopamine can cause schizophrenia symptoms e.g. amphetamines. Support for the dopamine hypothesis
Tauscher et al (2014)
Antipsychotic drugs, reducing dopamine, reduces schizophrenia symptoms. Support for the dopamine hypothesis.
Juckel et al (2006)
Measured levels of activity in the ventral striatum (motivation) of people with schizophrenia, finding lower activity than a control. Supports neural correlates as a factor in avolition.
Allen et al (2007)
When scanning brains of those experiencing auditory hallucinations who were determining if a recorded voice was theirs or another’s, they found less activity in certain brain areas than controls. Supports neural correlates being a factor in positive symptoms.
Read et al (2005)
Meta-anaylsis of 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia. 69% of adult women with schizophreia had experienced abuse in childhood, with 59% in men. Suggests family dysfunction as a cause of schizophrenia.
Stirling et al (2006)
Compared patients with schizophrenia to controls in the Stroop test. Schizophrenia sufferers took twice as long, suggesting cognitive skills are a factor in schizophrenia.
Thornley et al (2003)
Meta analysis of studies comparing chlorpromazine to placebo. The drug (a typical antipsychotic) was associated with better overall functioning and less symptom severity. Supports drug therapy as an effective treatment of schizophrenia.
Meltzer (2010)
Meta analysis found clozapine (atypical antipsychotic) more effective than other typical or atypical antipsychotics, and that it is efffective in 30-50% of cases where other atypicals failed. Supports efficacy of drug therapy.
