Attachment Flashcards
Meltzoff and Moore (1977)
An infant was shown one of three facial expressions/gestures, and the response was filmed and observed. The response of the child correlated with the adults action. Supports interactional synchrony.
Feldman (2012)
Observation of caregiver interactions doesn’t give us any indication of their purpose, we can only theorise that they help with attachment. Weakness of infant research
Grossman (2002)
A longitudial study that found that the mother’s behaviour was more impactful on the child’s development than the fathers based on the quality of relationships in adolescense. Supports monotropic theory, but is socially sensitive due to focus on gender roles.
Field (1978)
Fathers can also be primary attachment figures when taking on a maternal role/ when responsiveness to the child increased. Not gender specific, contrasts Grossman.
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Longitudinal, 60 glasweigian middle class babies, visited monthly for 12 months and then at 18, identified 4 attachment stages, with primary attachment to the most responsive caregiver. Self report with questions about seperation and stranger anxiety.
Lorenz basics?
Two groups of geese from the same mother, one raised by a goose and one raised with incubation by Lorenz. Group 1 followed the mother, group 2 follwoed Lorenz. Suggests imprinting in a critical period of 12-17 months required for proper attachment formation. He also found sexual imprinting was found with birds trying to court the same species as what they imprimted on.
Harlow (1958)
16 baby monkeys were given a cloth and wire mother, with one condition having the wire mother with milk and the toher with the cloth mother having milk. Even when the wire mother gave milk, the monkeys still sought comfort and showed attachment to the cloth mother over the wire mother, suggesting contact comfort is more significant than feeding in forming attachment. Ethical implications in that the monkeys showed aggression and were poor parents to their own babies and the effects continued into adulthood. Shows maternal deprivation has an effect also.
Dollard and Miller (1950)
Attachment is a result of conditioning through feeding and crying, not actual bonding (cupboard love). This is used as a counter to other theories.
Bowlby (1958, 1969)
Used for the monotropic theory of attachment. Attachment is an innate evolutionary drive to increase chances of survival. Formed through social releasers such as smiling and must be done within a critical period of two years or there will be consequences on their future relationships due to the IWM.
What is Schaffer and Emerson’s link to the monotropic theory?
While children do form a specific attachment prior to forming multiple attachments, multiple attachments are formed very soon after and there is no evidence that the specific attachment is better quality.
Brazelton et al (1975)?
When adults ignore the social releasers of children, the children become distressed and eventually become motionless. This illustrates the importance of social releasers.
Bailey et al (2007)
99 mothers were assessed for their relationship with their children and their own mothers, and the quality was similar generationally. Supports IWM
Ainsworth (1969, 1978)
Observed mothers and babies in differnent situations and developed three attacchment styles (Secure, Avoidant and Resistant) based on 5 distinct behaviours.
Kokkinos (2007)
Insecure resistant babies tend to grow to develop mental health issues as adults. Supports impacts of attachment types and IWM.
Takahashi (1990)
The strange situation isn’t applicable to Japanese families due to societal norms encouraging mothers or attachment figures to spend all their time with the family, which causes separation anxiety. In the stange situation this would signify insecure attachment, but in Japan this is a proper secure attachment. (Imposed etic)
