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PAPER 3 > SCHIZOPHRENIA > Flashcards

SCHIZOPHRENIA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of explanations for SCH

A
  • Psychological

- Cognitive

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2
Q

What is the psychological explanation for SCH

A

Family Dysfunction

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3
Q

What are family Dysfunctions

A

Sees maldaptive relationships and patterns of communications within families as a sources of stress which can cause or influence development of SCH

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4
Q

What 3 types of dysfunctional characteristics are displayed by parents of Schizophrenics

A
  • arguments
  • Difficulty communicating with each other
  • Being excessively critical and controlling of thier children
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5
Q

What 3 reasons have psychologists tried to link SCH and childhood experiences

A
  • The Schizophrenogenic mother
  • Double-bind Theory
  • Expressive emotion
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6
Q

What is the Schizophrenogenic mother

A

A parenting style which is cold rejecting and controlling which can lead to disgust and paranoid elusions and SCH

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7
Q

What is the double-bind theory

A

fear of dong the wrong thing as mixed messages as what to do and punished through withdrawal of love

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8
Q

What Expressed Emotion and SCH

A

this is the cause of relapse high levels of negative emotion exposed to patients

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9
Q

Which 3 psychologists carried out research into family dsyfunction

A
  • Tiernari et al 2004
  • Bateson 1956
  • Hooley et al 1988
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10
Q

What did Tiernari find

A

Level of SCH in adopted individuals who were the biological children of SCH mothers was 5.8% those adopted by healthy famalies compared 36.8% for children riased with dysfunctional families.

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11
Q

What did Hooley 1988 find

A

SCHenics that return to a family environment of high expressed emotions experienced more than 2x the avergage rate for return of SCH symptoms

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12
Q

What are 2 limitations of the Family Dsyfunction

A
  • isssues with cause and effect as FD as a casue of SCH. E.g., Having a SCHrenic wihtin a family is stressful and problematic. T.S.T FD makes it more of an effect of teh condition.
  • Double-bind Accused of being bias. E.g., selective bais only focus on SCHrenics that support his claims= Investigator bias
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13
Q

What is a Strength of the Family Dsyfunction

A

FD is supported by effectiveness of family centred therapies. E.g., therpy which reduces amount of amotion have lower relapse rates to other therapies.= Externally Valid

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14
Q

What are cognitive Explanations

A

Explanations that focuses on mental processes such as thinking.

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15
Q

What is Dysfunctional Thought Processing

A

Information Processing that is not functioning normally and produces undesirable consequences.

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of Dsyfunctional Thought Processing

A
  • Metarepresentation

- Central Control

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17
Q

What is Metarepresentation

A

The cognitive ability to refelct on thoughts and behaviour

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18
Q

What is a central control

A

The Cognitive ability to supress automatic responses while we perform deliberate actions instead

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19
Q

Which 3 psychologists Carried out research into Dysfunctional Thought Proccess

A
  • Takahashi et al 2013
  • Joshua et al 2009
  • Betal et al 1991
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20
Q

What is a Limitation of Cognitive explanations Including Dysfuntional Thought Processes

A

Too descriptive. E.g., Does not explain what led to cognitive dsyfunctions sees in SCH. T.S.T cannot explain true casue disorder.

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21
Q

What is a Strength of Cognitive explanations Including Dysfuntional Thought Processes

A

Can explain both Pos and Neg symptoms. E.g., Conflicting evidence when it comes to this such as biological ones= Cognitive explanations are more applicable to a wider range of symptoms

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22
Q

Whats the mian therapy for SCH

A

Drug Therapies

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23
Q

What are the 2 main drugs that treat SCH

A
  • Atypical Antipsychotics

- Typical Antipsychotics

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24
Q

How do Typical Antipsychotics work

A

They work as Dopamine Antagonists

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25
Q

How do Atypical Antipsychotics work

A

block certain chemical receptors in the brain

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26
Q

how are Antipsychotics Taken

A
  • Tablet
  • Syrup
  • Injection
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27
Q

What is a type of Typical Antipsychotics

A

Chlorpromazine

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28
Q

Define dopamine Antagonists

A

Blocks dopamine receptors in the brain

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29
Q

What symptoms do dopamine antagonists help

A

Reduce hallucinations

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30
Q

State 6 side effects of Typical Antipsychotics

A
  • Drt mouth
  • Dizziness
  • Constipation
  • Low sex drive
  • Blurred vision
  • Tardive dyskinesia
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31
Q

State 2 types of Atypical Antipsychotics

A
  • Clozapine

- Resperidone

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32
Q

What happens when you take typical Antipsychotics

A

Glutamine and Serotonin receptors are bound together in order to relieve negative symptoms such as avolition

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33
Q

State 6 side effects of Atypical Antipsychotics

A
  • Diabetes
  • weight gain
  • Seizures
  • Low sex drive
  • Sun sensitivity
  • High Cholesterol
34
Q

Whats the difference between Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Atypical is safer due to the decreased amount of side effects

35
Q

Who carried out reseach into typical and Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Bagnall et al

36
Q

What was the aim of Bagnall Research

A

To compare clinical effectiveness saftey and cost of antipsychotics

37
Q

What was Bagnalls procedure

A
  • 171 randomly controlled trials
  • 52 non-randomised
  • 31 economic evaluations
  • were analysed by 2 inderpendant researchers
38
Q

What did Bagnall find about the effectiveness

A

Atypical drugs were more effective in reducing symptoms

39
Q

What did Bagnall find about the cost

A

Atypical are more expensive

40
Q

What did Bagnall find about the Side effects

A

Atypical= Fewer movement disorders but associated with Cardiac death

Typical= Increase salivation, movement, nasal congestion

41
Q

What did Bagnall conclude from his study

A

Atypical Drugs are more effective but different drugs worl better for different poeple.

42
Q

What is a strength of Typical and Atypical drugs

A

-Antipsychotics effective with many patients= Cheap to produce and have positive effects quickly on sufferes. Therefore Drug treatment have been effective alleviating sypmtoms and increasing quality o flife for sufferes

43
Q

What is a strength of Atypical drugs

A

Side effects of Atypical Antipsychotics= Cardiac arrest. T.S.T both typical and Atypical Will not be suitable for all patients

44
Q

What are the 3 Psychological therapies for SCH

A
  • CBT
  • Family Therapy
  • Token economies
45
Q

What is CBT

A

Aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts .

46
Q

What does CBT help SCHrenics work on

A

Identify and correct faulty interpretations

47
Q

What is used to help CBT work

A

The ABC model

48
Q

Wgat does the ABC model stand for

A

A=Activating event
B=Belief
C=Consequence

49
Q

What 3 outcomes are desried within CBT

A
  • Normalisation
  • Critical Collaborative analysis
  • Developing an alternate Explanation
50
Q

Which 3 psychologists carried out reseach into CBT

A
  • tarrier et al
  • Zimmerman et al
  • Jauher et al
51
Q

What was the aim of Tarriers study

A

to find out wether patients in CBT groups do better than just drugs

52
Q

What did Tarrier et al find

A

50% in reduction in psychotic experiences in CBT gorup

53
Q

What Did Zimmermsn et al want to find out

A

Does CBT reduce Positive symptoms

54
Q

what did Zimmerman conclude

A

CBT does reduce symptoms especially active psychosis

55
Q

What did Jauhar et al want to find out

A

Is CBT effective at treating SCH

56
Q

What did Jauhar et al find out

A

CBT shouldnt be used as a treatment for SCH as its not ethicous

57
Q

What are 2 limitations of CBT

A
  • Not suitable for all patients. E.g., Those who are paranoid wont be able to form tusting relationship with therapist= more suitable for certain groups
  • Doubt to wether CBT actually treats symptoms of SCH. TOwer foudn CBT didnt reduce hallucinations. T.S.T more effective to teach patients strategies for deealing with symptoms
58
Q

What are 2 Strengths of CBT

A
  • Evidence to support effectiveness of CBT. E.g., Tarrier found evidence of reduced symptoms especially positive and lower relapse rates. T.S.T Effective treatment.
  • Support of use of Combined therapies, CBT combined with antipsychotics is more effective. T.S.T interactionist approachis best and CBT can contribute to this
59
Q

What is Family Therapy

A

A psychological Therapy Carried out with some or all members with the aim to improve communication and reducign stress

60
Q

Which 3 psychologists did research into FT

A
  • Leff et al 1985
  • Pilling et al 2002
  • Mcfarlane et al 2003
61
Q

What did Leff et al do

A

Compared FT against Routine Care

62
Q

What did Leff et al find

A

50% relapse rate in routine care compared to only 8% in FT after 9 months
-FT became less effective after 2 years with 56% relapse and 75% in routine care

63
Q

What did Leff et al conclude

A

FT is effective for short term

64
Q

What did Pilling find

A

When viewing evidence that FT reduces relapse rates and symptoms aswell as improving family relationships

65
Q

What did McFarlane find

A

Less relapse rates and hospital admissions that using FT therefore is effective

66
Q

What is a limitation of FT

A

Member of family might not want to share feeling. Share might= more problems. T.S.T overall effectiveness of treatment can be effective.

67
Q

What is a strength of FT

A

FT is useful for Younger patients. E.g., will benefit from it. T.S.T dis= may not be commited enough which limits its effectiveness

68
Q

What is Token Economy

A

A form of Behavioural therapy where desirable behaviour are encouraged by selective reinforcement

69
Q

What are the 2 types of Postive reinforcements

A 
Token = secondary
food/Prize = Primary
70
Q

Which 3 psychologists researched into Token Economies

A
  • Sultana
  • Dickerson
  • Silverstein
71
Q

What did sultana find

A

110 meta study found slight improvement of mental state and negative symptoms

72
Q

What did Dickerson find

A

Token economy works best with combination of Psychosocial therapy and drug treatment

73
Q

What did Silverstein find

A

most effective when carried out straight away

74
Q

What are 2 limitations of Token Economy

A
  • limited effectiveness when worked alone. E.g., work best with anitpsychotics= limied in terms of effectiveness.
  • TE nto favoured by all clinicians. E.g., Humilitating for patients involved= Use of TE is socially sensitive issue
75
Q

What is a strength of Token Economy

A

TE can be tailored to individual, can be tailored ot meet individuals requirements. Technique has flexibility

76
Q

What is the interactionist Approach

A

considers the combined effects of biological, psychological and social factors on the development of schizophrenia.

77
Q

What is the Diathesis-stress model

A

Genetic vulnerabilitycombined with environmental stresses to from the amount of suseptability of developing SCH

78
Q

Which treatment Does the Interactionists believe works best

A
  • Drug

- CBT

79
Q

Which 3 psychologists did research into The Interactionists approach

A
  • Barlow et al 2009 Explanation
  • Cannon et al 2002 Explanations
  • Sudak 2011 Treatment
80
Q

What is a limitation of the interactionists approach to explaining and treating SCH

A

-Models of emphasis on parenting style as a sorce of stress in a perons life. E.g., stress can come in many forms. Source of stress are not limited to Dysfunctional parenting.

81
Q

What is a Strength of the interactionists approach to explaining and treating SCH

A

Contemporary research has indicated role of other sources. E.g., Houston found Childhood sexual trauma appeared as vulnerable factor. T.S.T they did stimulate more modern research leading to updated version of model.

PAPER 3 (4 decks)

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